From Cholera to Complexity to Society: A Journey of Many Dimensions Dr. Rita Colwell, Director National Science Foundation Fractal images: Martin Golubitsky, Univ. of Houston Various fractal images on the background

Two microscopic pictures of cholera bacteriaCholera Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

Cholera Statistics, 2000 * ContinentTotal CasesTotal Deaths Africa America(s) Asia** Europe Oceania 118,932 3,101 11, ,757 4, Total137,071 4,908 **Does not include Bangladesh, Pakistan and other countries. Source: World Health Organization *Data published in August, 2001

Historic map of cholera pandemics Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

The graphic shows the continents of the world and traces the route in which cholera spread in recent outbreak years. In general, the disease travels along continental edges, around Africa in the mid 1960s and 1970s; in Oceania and Southeast Asia in the early 1960s, 1970s, early 1980s, and 1990; the Middle East and Eastern Europe in the mid 1960s; Central and South America in 1991; and the Gulf of Mexico in Global Spread of Cholera, Source: CDC

Chesapeake Bay Cholera sampling Sites: Baltimore, Kent Island, Smithsonian, Horn Point Lab, Susquehanna Flats Chesapeake Bay Cholera Sampling Sites U.S. Geological Survey Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

Photo of a female Copepod, eggs of young larvea are clearly visibleCopepod Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

This graph plots the number of Vibrio cholerae found associated with Copepods in Bangladesh, from – the detection was by Fluorescent Monoclonal Antibody methods. The plot shows peaks for Juveniles, Adults, and Nauplii in April; smaller Adult and Juvenile peaks in June (but a much larger Nauplii peak); a small Juvenile peak and a very large Nauplii peak in August; and small Adult and Juvenile peaks in November when there was another very large Nauplii peak. Number of Vibrio cholerae Associated with Copepods Collected in Bangladesh, (Detection by Fluorescent Monoclonal Antibody) Average log (copepod) value Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

Correlation of Cholera outbreaks with increases in sea surface tempature and sea surface height. Graph shows data from Oct 92-Nove95. Cholera Outbreaks and Increases in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Height (SSH) B. Lobitz et al. “Climate and infectious disease” PNAS (February 2000, vol. 97, no.4)

Photo showing woman using sari to filter drinking water Source: Dr. Rita Colwell

Artistic photo collage in a spiral shape depicting integration and reductionism across the spatial scales, with small inset pictures beginning at the atomic (schematic atom), molecular (helix), cellular (cell), tissue, organ, organism (human figure), population (people), habitat (landscape), community (cityscape), ecosystem (satellite view of Florida), planetary (earth from space), and cosmos (spiral galaxy).

Schematic diagram contrasting old and new approaches to epidemiology. Old static triangle labeled at its three points with: environment, agent, host. New triangle- shaped diagram, with interactive vector arrows pointing among all points, has labels: between environment and agent, are longevity and infectivity, distribution and transport, altered selective pressures; between agent and host, are tissue tropisms, pathogenicity, immune response, and host specificity; and between host and environment are nutrition, hygiene, treatment, and housing Ecosystem Change and Public Health: A Global Perspective, Chapter by Mark L. Wilson, pg. 286 fig. 10.1

NEON Federal Research Site Natural History Collection Field Station University Research Facility Nature Conservancy Preserve USDA Research Station National Wildlife Refuge National Park University Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site

Painting by artist Rousseau surrounded by small images of various cutting-edge sensors NEON might employ

"Microbial earth;" Artistic depiction of Earth from space with continents and oceans made up of microbes. Source: ASM/PBS 4 part series “Intimate Strangers”

● Searching for rare events instead of common patterns ● Protecting systems from malicious attacks instead of random failures ● Combining data from many types of sources New Types of Problems

● Data mining for rare events ● Computer, network, and physical infrastucture security ● Detection and epidemiology of bioterrorist attacks ● Voice and image recognition Challenges for Mathematics Research in Homeland Security

Fingers extension Wrist rotation Source: J.B. Tenenbaum et al,

Sir Martin Rees, who became 15th Astronomer Royal at the start of Sir Martin is president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and is chairman of PPARC's advisory panel on the public understanding of science and technology. He is based at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, one of the focal points for NAW ' dracula.php3 Photo of actor Christopher Lee portraying Count Dracula Actor Christopher Lee as Count DraculaSir Martin Rees, British Astronomer Royal

How people are connected: contrasting social networks

Fractal images: Martin Golubitsky, Univ. of Houston Various fractal images on the background