Chapter One: CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 2 Chemistry: An Overview A main challenge of chemistry is to understand the connection between the macroscopic world that we experience and the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. You must learn to think on the atomic level. 1.1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 3 Atoms vs. Molecules 1.1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 4 Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecules 1.1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 5 A Chemical Reaction 1.1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 6 A Chemical Reaction 1.1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 7 Science Science is a framework for gaining and organizing knowledge. Science is a plan of action—a procedure for processing and understanding certain types of information. 1.2

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 8 The Various Parts of the Scientific Method

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 9 Law vs. Theory A law summarizes what happens. A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why it happens. 1.2

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 10 Nature of Measurement Measurement – quantitative observation consisting of two parts:  Number  Scale (unit) Examples:  20 grams  6.63 ×  6.63 × joule·seconds 1.3

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 11 The Fundamental SI Units Physical QuantityName of UnitAbbreviation Masskilogramkg Lengthmeterm Timeseconds TemperaturekelvinK Electric currentampereA Amount of substancemolemol Luminous intensitycandelacd 1.3

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 12 Uncertainty in Measurement A digit that must be estimated is called uncertain. A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty. Record the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the estimated number). 1.4

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 13 Measurement of Volume Using a Buret 1.4

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 14 Precision and Accuracy Accuracy – agreement of a particular value with the true value Precision – degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity 1.4

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 15 Precision and Accuracy

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 16 Rules for Counting Significant Figures Nonzero integers always count as significant figures: 3456 has 4 sig figs 1.5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 17 Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued) Leading zeros do not count as significant figures: has 2 sig figs 1.5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 18 Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued) Captive zeros always count as significant figures: has 4 sig figs 1.5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 19 Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued) Trailing zeros are significant only if the number contains a decimal point: has 4 sig figs 150 has 2 sig figs 1.5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 20 Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued) Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures:  1 inch = 2.54 cm, exactly  9 pencils (obtained by counting) 1.5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 21 Sig Figs in Mathematical Operations For multiplication or division, the number of significant figures in the result is the same as the number in the calculation that has the fewest significant figures: × 5.5 = 

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 22 Sig Figs in Mathematical Operations (continued) For addition or subtraction, the result has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest number of decimal places: = 

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 23 Concept Check You have water in each graduated cylinder shown. You then add both samples to a beaker. How would you write the number describing the total volume? What limits the precision of this number?

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 24 Dimensional Analysis Use when converting a given result from one system of units to another: –Use the equivalence statement that relates the two units –Consider the direction of the required change to select the correct unit factor (cancel unwanted units) –Multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit factor 1.6

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 25 Concept Check What data would you need to estimate the money you would spend on gasoline to drive your car from New York to Chicago? Provide estimates of values and a sample calculation. 1.6

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 26 Temperature Three systems for measuring temperature: –Fahrenheit –Celsius –Kelvin 1.7

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 27 The Three Major Temperature Scales 1.7

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 28 Converting Between Scales K = °C °C = K – °C = (°F – 32)(5/9)°F = °C(9/5)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 29 Exercise At what temperature does  C =  F?

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 30 Density Mass of substance per unit volume of the substance: Density = mass/volume 1.8

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 31 Classification of Matter Matter – anything occupying space and having mass. Matter exists in three states: –Solid –Liquid –Gas 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 32 Classification of Matter Solid – rigid; has fixed volume and shape Liquid – has definite volume but no specific shape; assumes shape of container Gas – has no fixed volume or shape; takes on the shape and volume of its container 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 33 The Three States of Water 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 34 Structure of a Solid 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 35 Structure of a Liquid 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 36 Structure of a Gas 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 37 Mixtures Mixtures have variable composition:  Homogeneous – having visibly indistinguishable parts; solution  Heterogeneous – having visibly distinguishable parts 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 38 Homogeneous Mixtures 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 39 Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 40 Compound vs. Mixture 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 41 Simple Laboratory Distillation Apparatus 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 42 The Organization of Matter 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 43 The Organization of Matter

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 44 The Organization of Matter 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 45 The Organization of Matter 1.9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 46 Concept Check Sketch a magnified view (showing atoms/molecules) of each of the following: –A heterogeneous mixture of two different compounds –A homogeneous mixture of an element and a compound