Which trees are best for maple Lesson 2 Tree Anatomy Which trees are best for maple syrup production?

Anatomy of a Tree Crown Trunk Roots Leaves Branches Bark Cambium Layer Sap Wood Heart Wood Roots Tap Roots Fibrous Roots 2.1

Parts of a Tree 2.2

Crown The crown is the entire area of the tree that contains branches with leaves. The size and shape of the canopy is effected by the environment and the tree species. The leaves serve as the energy factory for the tree to grow as is it collects the energy from the sun. 2.3

Leaves Function of Leaves 1. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce their food. 2. The leaf carries out transpiration which is the loss of water and the gas exchange of CO2. 3. The leaf can store some food, which can be transferred to other areas of the plant. 2.4

Leaves Leaves contain cells full of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are the ultimate energy factories of the tree. Chloroplasts convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar) and oxygen in the process of photosynthesis. 2.5

Cross Section of Leaf Chloroplasts concentrated in Palisade. Xylem and Phloem connect all the way to roots. iusd.k12.ca.us/uhs/ cs2/leaf_cross-section.htm 2.6

Photosynthesis Basic Reaction Balanced Reaction 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 www2002.stoke.gov.uk/ museums/pmag/nathist/edu 2.7

Leaf Parts 1. The blade, which is the main body of the leaf. 2. The petiole, which is the structure which attaches the blade to the stem. 3. The midrib, which is the large central vein down the middle of the leaf. 4. The apex, which is the tip of the leaf. 5. The base, which is the bottom of the leaf and attaches to the petiole, or if a petiole is absent, directly to the stem. (A leaf with no petiole is said to be "sessile.") 6. The margin, which is the edge of the leaf. 2.8

Types of Leaves 1. Simple leaves which are undivided leaves or have a totally intact blade. 2. Compound leaves which are leaves whose blade is divided into several distinct leaflets. 3. Needle leaves which are narrow, compact leaves such as pine or fir needles. 2.9

Trunk Function of Trunk or Stem 1. Transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. 2. Supports the leaves of a plant and also the fruit and flowers. 3. Food storage. 4. Diametrical growth in the cambium, where cell division occurs. 2.10

Cross Section of Trunk Xylem and Phloem transports water and nutrients throughout the tree. Xylem transports materials up. Phloem transports materials down. Sapwood stores liquid and food produced by the tree. http://www.forest.nsw.gov.au/publication/forest_facts/aboutwood/default.asp 2.11

Roots Functions of Roots 1.Absorbs water, oxygen and nutrients (root hairs take up H2O and nutrients). 2.Transports water and nutrients to the stem. 3.Anchors the plant and keeps it in a stable position. 4.Stores food in the form of starch (for example in the taproot of a carrot or turnip). Note: Maple tree feeder roots start just six inches below the surface of the soil. 2.12

Types of Roots 1. The fibrous root system, such as in corn or beans in which the roots branch from the bottom of the plant; or 2. The taproot where a long tapering root, such as in the carrot and dandelions, develops. 2.13

Is All Sap Equal? maple.dnr.cornell.edu/ kids/compare_sugar.asp 2.14