American Disaster Response: An Instructive Experience for All William Lester Jacksonville State University Northwestern University

If we ignore the systemic issues and simply replace people or re- assign responsibilities, we may simply fail again in the not too distant future with a different cast of characters. John R. Harrald, director of the Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management

9/11 and Centralization Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Incident Management System (NIMS) Terrorism-centric

Hurricane Katrina One of the nation’s top three forecast disasters Hurricane Pam exercise August 29, 2005 Failed Systemic Response 1,836 people lost their lives $81.2 billion in damages, making it the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history

Intervening Variable Effectiveness of transformational behaviors Transformational Leadership Style Challenging the process Inspiring a shared vision Enabling others to act Modeling the way Institutionalizing change Moderating Variable Ability to employ transformational practices Performance Variables Improved Capability Follower satisfaction and development Organizational change Figure 1-2. Implementation Model Source: Derived from Kouzes and Posner (1987)

Transformational Leadership Principles Federal Government Nongovernmental Organizations State and Local Governments Collaboration (NRF-NIMS) Disaster Response System Figure 1-1. Transformational Leadership, Collaboration, and Solutions

Cooperation v. Collaboration White House, Senate, and House Reports “Collaboration” has a deeper meaning Systemic Transformation

NIMS Pre-Katrina Use Possibilities –National Government Dominance –Real Collaborative Structures

Example: NGOs and Collaboration Autonomous Action Volunteers Equipment Experience Dispersed Often Local

Collaboration Figure 1-3: Meta-model of change with collaboration addition (Derived from “What is Transformation?: Nine Principles Toward an Understanding Transformational Process for Transformational Leadership,” Journal of Transformative Education, 7(3) )

International Environment International disaster response has even more daunting challenges related to proximity, resources, and issues of sovereignty. A prime challenge is found in the developing nations of the world, which are often beset with large at-risk populations that need to be integrated into larger plans. For all practical purposes, the current international system is an adhocracy. Just as within a nation the response to a disaster spreads out in concentric circles from the event, the same is true when a disaster requires international involvement.

International Solutions First, development of a national plan that is transformative and collaborative is needed. Second, a regional plan of nations is needed where issues of sovereignty and relationships are worked out beforehand. Larger international responses are decidedly top-down and centralized through the United Nations (UN). The UN’s disaster response organization is the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). The basic set up and espoused goals of OCHA are sound, much like NRF and NIMS discussed above. The obstacles, unfortunately, facing OCHA is even more daunting with issues like basic national sovereignty and varying resource availability at the forefront. Still, the fundamentals of effective response remain the same and are perhaps even more important on an international scale. Continuum: Cooperation to Collaboration

Figure 1-4: OCHA Strategic Framework (

Conclusion The current system needs improvement in order to protect the most vulnerable. Changes must be intentional, transformational, collaborative, learned, and systemic. Collaboration requires proactive engagement. Transformation and collaboration must be institutionalized.

Current Work ASPA Book Series (Taylor & Francis) Transformation and Leadership in Disaster Response (forthcoming) The National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Religious Nonprofit Organizations: Collaboration and Decentralization (forthcoming)The National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Religious Nonprofit Organizations: Collaboration and Decentralization (forthcoming) Disaster Response 2020: A Look into the Future (forthcoming book chapter CQ Press)

Questions? Discussion