Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali The Nature of the Beast

Hate Crimes: Acts of Terrorism? n Hate crimes defined? n Law enforcement issue rather than a national security one n Separation of hate crimes from terrorism n The relativity of Crime? n Political violence: against a particular race, religion, etc… may fit both hate crimes and T

Reactionaries Vs. Radicals n Finding the distinction between right wing and left wing n Reactionary: far and fringe rightist ideologies. The NOSTALGIC perception n Radical: far and fringe leftist ideologies. The idealistic n Example of National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) guerilla movement 1970s. Leftist fighting alongside Marxist Movement for the Liberation of Angola against Portuguese colonialists

LEFT TO RIGHT n Fringe Left: Marxist ideology: the justification of political violence for liberation from oppression…it’s a just fight n Liberalism: defined depending on societies within which they exist and function. People’s rights movement, gay rights, etc… n The Moderate Center. The balancing rod between the liberals and conservative. Finding consensus n Conservatism: also depending on the society within which it exists and function. Edmund Burke considered the father of modern conservatism. Questioning radical change n Far Right: lack of engagement in political violence and more participation in democratic processes. Adherence to social order and traditional values n Fringe Right: ethno-national and religious superiority. Justification of terrorist violence

Defining Terrorism and sources of T u Extremism as a precursor to T…justification of behavior u Please read examples on page 42 Characteristics of Violent Extremists u Intolerance u Moral Absolutes u Broad Conclusions u New Language and Conspiratorial Beliefs

The World of Extremists and the Conspiracy Theory n Sep 11 th 2001 and who was behind the attack n Please read example on page 44. Blaming the Jews Some consensus but no unanimity n Guerilla Warfare Vs. T Other definitions of T on page (please read) n Illegal force, political motives, attacks against “soft” civilians, etc…

The American Definition n U.S. DOD: “the unlawful use of, or threatened use, of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce and intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives” n FBI: “the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”

Types of T: n State T n Dissident T n Religious T n Criminal T n International T Perspectives on T: 1. Participants in a terrorist environment n The terrorist n The supporter n The victim n The target n The onlooker n Modern mass media n The analyst

2. T or freedom fighting? n Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) in Israel n Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka 3. Extremism or “mainstreamism”? n Opposition v. acceptance n Rationalization and justifiable behavior

4. Ideologies and Ideals n Evaluating and analyzing behavior n Belief systems n Future predictions and policy implications Anarchism, Marxism & Fascism n A: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon “property is theft” n Mikhail Bakunin, Sergei Nechayev and Petr Kropotkin

u M: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels u Lenin (Russia), Mao Zedong (China), Monh (Vietnam) and Castro (Cuba) and their revolutionaries doctrines u F: rightists ideological counterpoint to Marxism and anarchism peaked prior to WWII u Italian F (Benito Mussolini), German F (Adolf Hitler), Spanish F (Francisco Franco)

The Just War Doctrine n The Hague Conventions n Jus in bello, and jus ad bellum The Political Violence Matrix The dilemma of defining Combatants, Non-combatants, and the Use of Force n Combatants: conventional and non-conventional adversaries engaging in armed conflict and irregular guerilla fighting n Non-Combatants: civilians who have no connection to military or other security forces

n Indiscriminate and Discriminate Forces n I.F.: application of force without attempting to limit the level of force or the degree of destruction of the target. More acceptable when used in a warfare environment n D.F.: more surgical use of limited force. Morally acceptable when applied against specific targets with the intention to limit so-called collateral damage

Conclusion n The nature of the Beast n Definitional T n Fascism (dictator), Marxism (socialist, classless), and Anarchism (against state) n Cause of T