Labor in the Gilded Age I.Republicanism—Key concepts A.Political vision B.Economic vision C.Republicanism in Action II.Developing Capitalism in the North A.The Civil War B.The Gilded Age C.Second Industrial Revolution D.Employer power III.Postwar Labor Activism A.The Great Upheaval B.The Rise of the Knights of Labor C.Radicalism D.The Decline of Labor Republicanism

Labor Republicanism Political vision –Citizens must participate in public life. –The public interest should rule over private, rather than the opposite. Economic vision –Dignity of labor. –Free men possess right to fair treatment. –Government should provide opportunities for independent white producers.

Republicanism in Action Anti-slavery Land policy –Homestead Act –Land Grant College Act Pro-growth –Railroads

The Civil War Class animosity –NYC draft riots, 1863 Industrial development

A National Market U.S. Railroad mileage K93K167K194K242K254K

Second Industrial Revolution

Corporate Power Large Integrated Automated Stockholders Robber Barons –Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan  Steel Mill ca  U.S. Steel Managers Banquet, 1901

The Gilded Age Distributional Politics –patronage Laissez-faire Promote Growth Corruption Boss ConklingPres. Arthur Boss QuayPres. Harrison

The Great Upheaval, 1877 Panic of ,000 unemployed

Knights of Labor Respectability –Temperance –Social club Producerism –Mutuality between capital and labor –Oppose strikes Political action –“Cooperative commonwealth” Labor day parade, 1884

Radicalism Federation of Organized Trades Unions Eight Hour Movement Haymarket bombing Speakers arrested, executed

The Fall of the Worker’s Republic Percent of non- agricultural workforce in unions: –1870: 4.89% –1880: 0.59% –1886: 8.86% –1890: 2.43%