Knowing When and How to Cite Sources Pickler Memorial Library - Truman

Purpose of Citing Sources The purpose of citing your sources is to: Direct your readers to the specific information you have used. Give the proper intellectual credit to the author of the information provided.

Academic integrity can be defined “as a commitment, even in the face of adversity to five fundamental values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility.” Center for Academic Integrity, 1999 Academic Integrity

Five Fundamental Values Honesty Trust Fairness Respect Responsibility

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls According to Alexander Lindey, plagiarism is “the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own” (Gibaldi 2).

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Plagiarism usually involves two kinds of offenses: 1. “Using another person’s ideas, information, or expressions without acknowledging that person’s work” is considered ‘intellectual theft.” 2. “Passing off another person’s ideas, information, or expressions as your own to get a better grade.. constitutes fraud” (Gibaldi 66)

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types Riedling (86) provides these more detailed definitions of plagiarism: “Exact: Copying a source word-for-word with no credit given to the creator” “Borrowing: Turning in a paper that someone else has written” (prevalence has increased with access to material on the Web)

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls - Types Unclear: Lack of indicating where the borrowing begins and ends “Medley: Copying of a source using a few words here and there and not providing credit to the creator”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – Why People Do it? Riedling (86) provides these common reasons: “A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism” “A lack of knowledge regarding information on the internet”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – Why People Do it? “A lack of confidence in one’s ability to write a paper” “PROCRASTINATION” She also mentions simply not knowing how to properly cite, and not knowing where to look for guidelines.

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences The charge of plagiarism is a serious one for all writers (Gibaldi 67). For students, there can be multiple consequences: Failing the assignment in question Failing the course

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls – The Consequences Expulsion from school Damage of teachers’ relationships with students Damage of the “personal element in writing” (Gibaldi 68). Marke Rose (in Gibaldi 68) sees a “tie between our writing and our sense of self.”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Gibaldi concurs: “Gaining skill as a writer opens the door to learning more about yourself and to developing a personal voice and approach in your writing (68).”

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Is it Plagiarism? Gibaldi provides the following examples (71) Example #1 The original: Some of Dickinson’s most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death. Student’s/researcher’s writing: Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death.

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Answer: YES! How to correct: As Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life unless we also understand death (625). What did we do? We referenced the source in our text by indicating the author and page number (the full reference would then be included in your bibliography).

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Example #2 The original: Everyone uses the word language and everybody talks about culture...”Languaculture” is a reminder, I hope, of the necessary connection between its two parts.

Plagiarism and Its Pitfalls Student’s/researcher’s writing: At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call “languaculture.” How to correct: At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michel Agar has called “languaculture” (60).

Plagiarism and its Pitfalls When Documentation is Not Needed Gibaldi points out a few cases (73): Familiar proverbs or well-known quotations : “You can’t judge a book by its cover,” “Early bird gets the worm,” “We shall overcome.”) Common knowledge: Abraham Lincoln was the 16 th president of the United States of America

Source: Mark Twain said: “The eight years in America from 1860 to 1868 uprooted institutions that were centuries old, changed the politics of a people, transformed the social life of half the country, and wrought so profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot be measured short of two or three generations.” Your Paper: It has been said that the decade of the 1860s changed national politics and influenced at least two generations of Americans by uprooting established institutions, transforming the social life of half the country, and profoundly altering the entire national character. Is this plagiarism? 1.Yes 2.No

Yes. You did not cite Mark Twain.

Which of the following would be considered plagiarism (assuming no footnotes or documentation) ? 1.A reference to “government of the people, by the people, for the people” in the introduction to a paper on American government 2.A summary of the judicial philosophy of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, as described by a noted Harvard law professor 3.A reference to Sandra Day O’Connor having become the first female Supreme Court Justice after her appointment by President Ronald Reagan in Your personal opinions stated at the conclusion of a research paper about the Watergate scandal.

No. 2

Does this statement in a mathematics paper require a citation? To solve this problem, one should use the formula A 2 + B 2 = C 2 which is commonly referred to as Pythagorean’s theorem 1.Yes 2.No

No

Citation Styles APA – American Psychological Association MLA – Modern Language Association Chicago/Turabian Others

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA Author Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Title of Article Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Title of Article Journal Title Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Title of Article Journal Title Volume Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Title of Article Journal Title Volume Issue Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA AuthorDate Title of Article Journal Title Volume Issue Pages Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

APA Style for Citing Journal Articles from a Database DeGrazia, D. (2008, July-August). Debating health care reform. Hastings Center Report, 38 (4), 8-9. Retrieved from APA Retrieved from certain database AuthorDate Title of Article Journal Title Volume Issue Pages Example from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6 th ed. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2010.

DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p. 193.

DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p. 193.

DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p. 193.

DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Journal Title

DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Volume & Issue

Journal Title DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar Volume & Issue MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Date

Journal Title DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar Volume & Issue Date MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Pages

Journal Title DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar Volume & Issue Date MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Pages Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Database

Journal Title DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar Volume & Issue Date MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Pages Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Database Format

Journal Title DeGrazia, David. “Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38.4 (July 2008): 8-9. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 4 Mar Volume & Issue Date MLA Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Article Title Author MLA Pages Example from: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association, Section 5.6.4, p Format Date Accessed Database

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title Volume Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title VolumeIssue Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title VolumeIssue Date Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title VolumeIssue Date Page Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title VolumeIssue Date Web Address Page Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

DeGrazia, David.“Debating Health Care Reform.” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 4 (2008): =true&ab=afh&AN= &site=ehost-live (accessed March 4, 2009). Chicago/Turabian Style for Citing Journal Articles from Databases Author Article Title Journal Title VolumeIssue Date Web Address Date Accessed Page Chicago/Turabian Example from: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Section

What element is incorrect in the following article citation in MLA format? Hudson, Berkley (2007). “The Mississippi Negro Farmer, His Mule, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt: Racial Portrayals of Sylvester Harris in the Black and White 1930s.” Journalism History 32.4: Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 21 Aug The article title 2.The date 3.The volume information 4.The author

The date.

Which of the following would be the correct citation for an article in the Chicago/Turabian format? 1.Uzzi, Brian and Jarrett Spiro. “Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem.” American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (September 2005): html (accessed December 19, 2008) html 2.Uzzi, Brian and Jarett Spiro (2005). Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111/2, Retrieved from 3.Uzzi, Brian and Jarrett Spiro. Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem. American Journal of Sociology (September 2005):

No. 1

Citation Tools There are software programs that format information for you. Some of them are: EndNote Zotero Microsoft Word 2007 For more information about these programs consult this link: Bibliographies Made Easy Bibliographies Made Easy

Copyright Law of 1976  Protects the creator from plagiarism and loss of profit  You have the right to one copy “ fair use”

Copyright Law of 1976  Fair Use is judged by: 1.Purpose of use: non-profit or educational 2.Nature of work: you can’t copyright ideas, idioms, facts, works in the public domain 3.Amount copied: e.g. whole book, whole movie 4.Effect of use upon potential market for work

Guidelines for Fair Use Copy only:  One chapter from a book  One article from a periodical or newspaper  A short story, short essay, or short poem  A chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon or picture (Copyright 29)

Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998  “Fair Use” is not a defense (U. S. Copyright 4).  Prevents the distribution of copyrighted works: illegal uses of torrents like Limewire or Gnutella or Bittorrent.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998  Prevents the circumvention of electronic measures that protect electronic copyrighted works, like encryptation.  Provides a safe-harbor for internet service providers  Prevents unauthorized access to copyrighted works

Copyright Quiz Copyright on the Internet

Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography Agar, Michael. Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. New York: Morrow, “Copyright: School and ‘Fair Use’”. Unabashed Librarian Feb. 1984: Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity Center for Academic Integrity. Web. 6 July 2009 Lindey, Alexander. Plagiarism and Originality. New York: Harper, Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language Association,2003. Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP,

Knowing When and How to Cite Sources - Bibliography Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP, Merriam Webster’s Dictionary Merriam-Webster. Web. 6 July Riedling, Anne Marlow. Learning to Learn: A Guide to Becoming Information Literate. New York: Neal-Schuman, 2002 Rose, Mark. Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright. Cambridge: Harvard UP, United States. Copyright Office. Summary. Digital Millennium Copyright Act of Pub. L Stat Oct Print.