Hyderabad from a Climate Change Mitigation Perspective – Possible Changes in Consumption and Lifestyle Lutz Meyer-Ohlendorf

GHG Emissions in Cities Where are most of the GHG emissions generated? Is it a structural problem of urban areas? Which sectors contribute most? In which areas can CC mitigation be most effective? What are the main drivers for high levels of greenhouse gas production What is the role and potential for cities to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions

Are Cities the Culprits? Girardet (1998): London‘s ecological footprint extends to 125 times of its surface area (2.8 hectares per person) UN–HABITAT (2007): cities responsible for 75 per cent of global energy consumption and 80 per cent of GHG emissions Clinton Foundation (cited in Dodman 2009) suggests that cities contribute approximately 75 per cent of all GHG emissions, while only comprising 2 per cent of land mass

1994 GHG Emissions in India

India‘s composition of energy sources Source: Planning Commission 2006, cited in KPMG 2007

In most cases – per capita emissions from cities are lower than the average of the countries in which they are located Source: Dodman 2009

Variations due to differing economic base of different cities (industrial or service oriented), the urban morphology (density and distribution of settlement) and the level of wealth

Barcelona –primarily service based –90 per cent of the city’s electricity is generated by nuclear and hydro energy –mild climate and rare use of household air- conditioning systems –compact urban structure (apartments rather than individual houses) Brazil –Non urban emissions primarily related to rural activities such as deforestation and cattle raising

New York –high density and smaller than average dwelling unit size (less energy is needed to heat, light, cool and power these buildings) –extensive public transport system with relatively low levels of car ownership China –In 1999, industrial activities were responsible for 80 per cent of Shanghai’s emissions and 65 per cent of Beijing’s –Weber et al.(2008) identified that, in 1987, 12 per cent of Chinese emissions were due to exports, in 2002 they made out 21 per cent and in 2005 they rose to 33 per cent (6 per cent of total global CO2 emissions)

Advantages derived through economies of scale, proximity and agglomeration More efficient infrastructure and service provision Concentration of households and enterprises allow easier collection of taxes and cheaper enforcement of environmental legislation Relative proximity of homes and businesses can encourage walking, cycling and the use of mass transport Decreased per capita land consumption through high-rise construction, optimized land-use patterns, efficient land-use planning Better availability of information, better communication and international connectivity can lead to higher environmental awareness Cities offer dynamic environment for the development and strengthening of civil society institutions Offer improved participation in political decision making and multi- stakeholder participation Facilitation of community-municipal authority partnerships (Hardoy et al. 2004; Kraas and Nitschke 2006)

Very low per capita emissions in India Carbon intensity relatively low And India‘s Cities? Very few detailed inventories of cities in low-income countries. Probably higher per capita emissions due to: higher concentration of wealth and emission intensive consumption in large cities often unreliable public transport

Emission’s correlation with income levels (Greenpeace 2007)

Rising Income – Growing Middle Class Source: McKinsey Global Institute (2007) INR ca Euro Annual income!! Official figures of Hyderabad‘s ‘slum‘ population in 2001 was 37 % (CDP 2006)

Hyderabad – Some Trends Traffic Hyderabad has about 6,5 million inhabitants today, with a forecast of 15 – 20 millions in 2025 CO2 Emissions from road transport in India are expected to rise 5.8 times in the next 25 years (about 20 – 30 % of the expected total Indian GHG emissions) (Kern et al. 2009) Increase of motorized transport in Hyderabad between 1980 and 2001: –motor cycles 14 times –motor cars and SUVs 12 times –autorikshaws 8,5 times –bus-fleet 3,82.

Integrated Environmental Strategies Program (2005): Study for city of Hyderabad, India. Herausgegeben von Integrated Environmental Strategies Program. Hyderabad.

Energy Use, Mobility, Food Consumption How to influence (future) consumption patterns towards sustainability? Which social groups should be addressed? How about the urban poor that generate high levels of aggregate GHG emissions due to often inefficient energy use?