Abused Drugs From Plant Source بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Abused Drugs From Plant Source By Nagwa Shoeib Assistant Professor Dept. of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy

Topics of the lecture Definitions Classes of abused drugs Narcotic analgesics: opium Depressants: Alcohol Hallucinogens: LSD, morning glories, magic mushrooms, peyote & cannabis Stimulants: Cocaine, Khat & tobacco. Conclusion

Drug abuse and Addiction Intake of drugs for reasons other than medical in a manner that affects physical or mental functioning is termed drug abuse. Any abuse can lead to addiction.

Tolerance refers to a condition where the user needs more and more of the drug to experience the same effect. Dependence (physical and psychological ). The person becomes dependent and starts feeling uncomfortable in the absence of the drug. Withdrawal symptoms – When the drug intake is stopped, withdrawal symptoms are experienced. Physical as tremors and vomiting. Psychological as restlessness or depression.

Abused drugs from plant source A - Narcotic Analgesics B - Depressants C - Hallucinogens D - Stimulants

A - Narcotic Analgesics Narcotic agents are potent analgesics which are effective for the relief of severe pain Opium is the milky exudate of the unripe capsules of the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum). Opium

Opium Opium contains more than 30 alkaloids of which the major components are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine. The plant was cultivated in the ancient civilizations of Persia, Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Morphine Morphine exerts a narcotic action manifested by analgesia, drowsiness, changes in mood, and mental clouding. Morphine remains one of the most valuable analgesics for relief of severe pain.

Codeine It effectively depresses the cough centre, so has valuable antitussive action, helping to relieve and prevent coughing. Codeine is a relatively safe non-addicting medium analgesic. Codeine = 1/10 the potency of morphine

Heroin A potent semisynthetic narcotic which is derived from morphine. Heroin has been estimated six times stronger than morphine. Heroin was synthesized in the Bayer Laboratory in Germany by the chemist, Heinrich Dreser. It was supposed to function as a pain reliever that would be more powerful and less addictive than morphine.

Route of administration Heroin Route of administration Heroin can be snorted, injected or smoked Effect of the drug: Euphoria Drowsiness Dry mouth, dry skin Constipation Respiratory depression Slowed heart rate and drop in blood pressure Overdose of heroin can cause convulsions, coma and death

Withdrawal Symptoms • Disorientation • Runny nose Watery eyes • Diarrhea Insomnia • Pain/muscle cramps • Alternating chills and profuse sweating

B- Depressants Alcohol Drugs which depress or slow down the functions of the central nervous system Ethanol CH3–CH2–OH Ethyl alcohol is prepared by different methods, one of them is through fermentation of sugars in presence of yeast. Alcohol

Effect of Alcohol Relief from anxiety and tension Euphoria Poor motor coordination Impaired concentration and judgment Slurred speech and blurred vision Sedation, sleep with larger doses Prolonged use leads to liver cirrhosis, cancer

Withdrawal Symptoms Tremors Insomnia Irritability and restlessness Hallucinations Convulsions

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide C- Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are drugs which affect perception, emotions and mental processes LSD is one of the most powerful hallucinogens that radically changes a person’s mental state by distorting the perception of reality. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide LSD

Ergot & LSD Ergot is a fungal disease of rye, barley and wheat caused by fungi Cleviceps purpurea. The disease appears as a blackish-purple club shaped growth (sclerotium). Ergot body contains a number of alkaloids including lysergic acid (from which LSD is made), ergotamine and ergometrine.

LSD LSD is usually taken orally. Sometimes it is injected or inhaled as well. An effective oral dose is from 30 to 50 µg. Experiences can vary from beautiful visions to living nightmares. Although the drug is not addictive, it can lead to schizophrenia and there is a danger of serious physical accidents. Lysergic acid LSD

Morning Glories Ipomoea tricolor Ipomoea burmanni The seeds contain the alkaloid ergine (d-lysergic acid amide), better known as natural LSD. Lysergic acid amide

Magic Mushrooms Psilocybe Psilocybe cubensis, This species contains psilocybin a hallucinogenic toxin. Magic Mushrooms

Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) The principle toxin is ibotenic acid, Ibotenic acid is converted to the more powerful form muscimol in the body ibotenic acid muscimol

Peyote Peyote comes from the crowns of a cactus (Lophophora williamsii). The active ingredient is mescaline.

Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) Cannabis (both depressant and hallucinogen). Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) Marijuana Hashish Hashish oil

Marijuana Marijuana is a tobacco like substance produced by drying the leaves and flowering tops of the cannabis plant. The major constituents are termed cannabinoids, the principal psychoactive agent is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Hashish (Cannabis resin) Hashish is a preparation of cannabis comprised of the compressed hairs collected from the Cannabis plant. By rubbing the flowering tops, the resin secreted by the glandular hairs can be released and scraped off.

Hashish (Cannabis resin) It contains the same active ingredients as cannabis (but in higher concentrations).

Hashish oil (Cannabis oil) A potent form of cannabis, produced by alcoholic extract of Cannabis resin.

CANNABIS How it is used: Cannabis is smoked and sometimes ingested. Effect of the drug: Euphoria Mild hallucinations Increased relaxation Disorientation Increased appetite

Negative Effects of cannabis Impaired speech Loss of memory, lack of mental focus Inability to concentrate, mood swings Blurred vision, infertility Sinusitis, bronchitis or lung cancer Pregnancy complications and panic disorder. A breastfeeding mother can pass THC to her baby through breast milk.

D - STIMULANTS Drugs which excite or speed up the central nervous system. Cocaine is the main alkaloid of coca leaves. Cocaine (cocaine HCL) and Crack Cocaine (Cocaine HCL, baking soda, dissolved in water and heated) Cocaine cocaine powder Vials of crack cocaine

Cocaine How it is used: Cocaine is most commonly snorted, can be injected or smoked. Crack cocaine must be smoked. Effect of the drug: Increased alertness, euphoria, and excitation Increased blood rate/pulse Insomnia Lack of appetite

Withdrawal Symptoms Extreme fatigue Disturbed sleep Voracious appetite Moderate to severe depression

Khat The fresh leaves of Catha edulis, a small tree. They are chewed for a stimulant effect, alleviate hunger and fatigue. It is widely employed in Africa and Arab countries particularly in Yemen for chewing.

Khat The active principal of fresh leaves is cathinone Which changes to cathine in dried leaves. Amphetamine Amphetamine

Side effects of khat Prolonged chewing of the fresh leaves has caused mania, insomnia, hypertension. Withdrawal has been known to produce lethargy and nightmares. The incidence of carcinoma of the oral cavity in khat users.

Tobacco Tobacco comes from the leaves of the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It contains nicotine which is highly addictive.

Negative Effects of tobacco Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for Heart attacks Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Emphysema Cancer

In summary Not all natural products are safe Lifestyle habits including street drugs, alcohol, cigarette smoking etc. are often thought of by the public to be "safe". The truth is that these chemicals are likely even worse than some of the most toxic chemotherapeutic cancer drugs that are used in medicine. Thanks God for being Muslims.

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