REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES By Tiffany Crain & Rosemary Hébert

OVERVIEW Infertility and Subfertility - Male Infertility - Female Infertility - Infertility Tests Assisted Reproductive Technologies - Donated Sperm – Intrauterine Insemination - A Donated Uterus – Surrogate Motherhood - In Vitro Fertilization - Gamete and Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer - Oocyte Banking and Donation Extra Embryos - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Quiz References

INFERTILITY & SUBFERTILITY Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after a year of frequent intercourse without contraceptives. Subfertility means the couple can conceive but it takes longer. 30% M, 60% F 1:6 couples has difficulty conceiving children

MALE INFERTILITY Easier to detect but harder to treat than female infertility. 1:25 men is infertile. Causes: <120 million sperm Hormone imbalance IgA antibodies cover sperm Varicose vein on the scrotum Sperm quality and motility

FEMALE INFERTILITY Erratic ovulation Blocked uterine tubes Endometriosis Pituitary or ovary tumors Pelvic inflammatory disease Antisperm secretions Age

INFERTILITY TESTS Males are tested first; sperm are checked for number, motility, and morphology. Women are examined to see if reproductive structures are functioning.

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) From non-donor, donor, fresh or frozen In the US, 1:4 million births are from ARTs 0.4% of single and 16% of multiple births

DONATED SPERM (INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION) Doctor puts donated sperm in woman $125 or $3,000 if woman needs fertility assistance Seminal fluid washed from sperm Donor selection possible

A DONATED UTERUS (SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD) A surrogate can carry a baby She can also be the biological mother

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) “Fertilization in a glass” Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) $6,500-$15,000 per attempt at a 29% success rate Problems of passing on infertility

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IVF embryos can be stored in liquid nitrogen and thawed for later use.

GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT) Several oocytes are removed & the man gives a sperm sample Sperm and oocytes are deposited together in the woman’s body where fertilization will take place The sperm and the oocytes are deposited past any obstruction that might be blocking traditional methods of fertilization

PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)

WHAT TO DO WITH THE EXTRA EMBRYOS Store them Discard them Donate for research Donate to other infertile couples

QUIZ What’s the difference between GIFT and ZIFT? Who is checked first males or females? Why? What’s the difference between infertility and subfertility? According to the table provided which form/s of ART has the highest success rate? Why might this be? Based on the information presented if you had fertility problems which reproductive technology would you choose?

REFERENCES DATA: Lewis, Ricki. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill, NY, IMAGES: Center for Genetic Education (February 04, 2004) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis [PGD]. Retrieved March 10, 2006 from Google College of social sciences University of Hawai’i at Manoa (Spring 2004) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer [ZIFT] Retrieved March 8,2007 from yahoo RAND Law & Health Research Brief (2003) Retrived Marxh 10,2007 from Google efault/pipetointia.jpghttp:// efault/pipetointia.jpg

BABIES