Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 1 MSI 692: Special Topics in Information Technology Lecture 2 Sanjay Goel University at Albany, SUNY Fall 2004

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 2 Review Statements and Control Flow Boolean Expressions Logical Operators Logical Statements –if, else if, nesting, switch –Loops (while, for, break) Object-oriented Programming Outline for the Class Topics

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 3 Statements and Control Flow

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 4 Statements and Control Flow Introduction We have learned how to write words in a language. –We need to learn how to make sentences and paragraphs now. What do you need to do when you are doing a complex problem? –You have certain process to follow you have decision points where you use your mind to make decisions. To build your own logic into a computer program you need to write statements that capture your logic. –How to introduce logic into the program?

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 5 Statements and Control Flow Statements Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. –A statement forms a complete unit of execution. It has many different types –Variable Declaration Statement –Expression Statement Assignment Statement Method Call Statement –Control Flow Statement

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 6 Statements and Control Flow Variable declaration statements Variable declaration statements are used to identify the type of the variable that is being declared –start with a type and end with a semicolon e.g. int width, height, area; String myString;

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 7 Statements and Control Flow Expressions An expression is a series of variables, operators, and method calls (constructed according to the syntax of the language) that evaluates to a single value. –Also defined as segments of code that perform computations and return values. Data type of the value returned by an expression depends on the elements used in the expression. Compound expressions and statements can be constructed from various smaller expressions as long as the data types required by one part of the expression matches the data types of the other. If the order in which the operations in a compound expression need to be performed is not explicitly indicated, the order is determined by the precedence assigned to the operators

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 8 Statements and Control Flow Expression Statements Expression statements are formed by adding a semicolon at end of expression. –These are used to compute and to assign values to variables and to help control the execution flow of a program. The following types of expressions can be made into a statement by terminating the expression with a semicolon (;): –Assignment expressions –Any use of ++ or – –Method calls –Object creation expressions Examples –aValue = ; //assignment statement –aValue++; //increment statement –System.out.println(aValue); //method call statement –Integer integerObject = new Integer(4); //object creation statement

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 9 Statements and Control Flow Assignment Statements Assignment statement can be any expression involving the assignment operator. –e.g. area = length * width; Method Call Statement invokes other functions –Method call expression involves assignment when the method returns a statement. –e.g. System.out.println(“This is a test”);

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 10 Statements and Control Flow Blocks Block is a group of statements enclosed in braces. –Blocks can occur within blocks and are called nested blocks e.g. { float length = 2; float width = 2; float area = length * width; System.out.println(“area = “ + area); } Empty or Null Statement –It is just a semicolon all by itself and results in no action. e.g. Consider the following program – lines 2 & 3 are null statement x = 2;  Line 1 ;  Line 2 ;  Line 3

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 11 Boolean & Logical Expressions

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 12 Boolean Expressions Introduction These are expressions which evaluate to true or false. The simplest Boolean expressions are true and false All conditional statements require Boolean expressions to decide flow of logic

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 13 Boolean Expressions Relational & Equality Operators Relational & Equality Operators –used for comparing numeric values = == != These operators can be used between any two numeric values, e.g. int a = 10; int b = 20; int c = 15 a > b  false a < b  true c < 10  false

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 14 Logical Expressions Operators These are used for combining multiple logical statements Three logical operators –&& - and –! - not –|| - or Examples: (See next page)

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 15 Boolean & Logical Expressions Exercises Assume the following: int i, j, k; boolean b; k = 10; j = 6; b = true; Give the values of the following expressions, or state if illegal. 1.b 2.!b 3.!!!!!!b 4.b || !b 5.b && !b 6.b ^ true 7.b++ 8.b = 1 9.b = 1 > 2 10.true || 1234/26%3==1 11.true | 1234/26%3==1 12.!b & (j < 100) 13.k > j > 3 14.k > j && > 3 15.k > j && k > 3 16.b ||= false 17.b |= false 18.k = (k>j)?k:j+1 19.(b && !b) | (!b & b) 20.1 > 2 > 3 21.b = j > 0 && (i = k/j)!=0 Source:

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 16 Boolean Expressions Exercises - Solutions 1trueb 2false!b 3true!!!!!!b 4trueb || !b 5falseb && !b 6falseb ^ true 7illegalb++ 8illegalb = 1 9falseb = 1 > 2 10truetrue || 1234/26%3==1 11truetrue | 1234/26%3==1 12false!b & (j < 100) 13illegalk > j > 3 14illegalk > j && > 3 15truek > j && k > 3 16illegalb ||= false 17trueb |= false 1810k = (k>j)?k:j+1 19false(b && !b) | (!b & b) 20illegal1 > 2 > 3 21trueb = j > 0 && (i = k/j)!=0 Source:

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 17 Logical Statements

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 18 Logical Statements If Statement If statement is a conditional statement which proceeds based on the evaluation of an expression, e.g. if ( temp < 32) System.out.println(“It is below freezing today”); System.out.println(“Temperature = “ + temp); For multiple statements depending on a conditional we use blocks, e.g. if (temp < 32) { System.out.println(“It is below freezing”); System.out.println(“Keep all the windows closed”); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 19 Logical Statements Sorting Algorithm /* Bubble Sort Algorithm. In this * algorithm the smallest number */bubbles to the top public static void main(String[] args) { int a = Console.in.readInt(); int b = Console.in.readInt(); int c = Console.in.readInt(); int t; // Temporary variable if (a > b) { // Swap a and b t = a; a = b; b = t; } Example to sort three numbers if (b > c) { // swap b & c t = b; b = c; c = t; } if (a > b) { // Swap a & b t = a; a = b; b = t; } System.out.println(“The sorted numbers are: “ + a + “ “ + b + “ “ + c); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 20 Logical Statements If else Statement If else statement is a bi-directional logic expression Syntax: if (Boolean expression) { Statement1 } else { Statement2 } Example: if (temp < 32) { System.out.println(“Close all the windows); } else { System.out.println(“Open all the windows”); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 21 Logical Statements Nesting Nesting is allowed within if and if else statements if (temp < 32) { System.out.println(“Below Freezing”); if (temp < 20) System.out.println(“School is off”); else System.out.println(“Go To School”); } else { if (temp > 70) System.out.println(“Go to the beach”); else System.out.println(“Go to school”); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 22 Logical Statements Dangling Else else goes with the closest if statement if (temp < 32) if (temp < 20) { System.out.println(“Stay indoors”); } else { System.out.println(“Keep Warm”); } Here the else statement goes with the second if statement

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 23 Logical Statements Switch If (day == 1) { System.out.println(“Sunday”); } If (day == 2) {System.out.println(“Monday”); } If (day == 3) {System.out.println(“Tuesday”); } If (day == 4) {System.out.println(“Wednesday”); } If (day == 5){System.out.println(“Thursday”); } If (day == 6) {System.out.println(“Friday”); } If (day == 7) {System.out.println(“Saturday”); } Switch statement conditionally executes statements based on an integer expression – it is a multidirectional logic statement that can replace multiple if statements switch (day) { case 1: System.out.println(“Sunday”); break; case 2: System.out.println(“Monday”); break; case 3: System.out.println(“Tuesday”); break; case 4: System.out.println(“Wednesday”); break; case 5: System.out.println(“Thursday”); break; case 6: System.out.println(“Friday”); break; case 7: System.out.println(“Saturday”); break; default: System.out.println(“Illegal Value ” + day); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 24 Logical Statements While While statement is used to continually execute a block of statements while a condition remains true. Syntax –while (expression) { statement } Operation –First, the while statement evaluates expression, which must return a boolean value. –If the expression returns true, then the while statement executes the statement(s) associated with it. –The while statement continues testing the expression and executing its block until the expression returns false. int i = 0; while (i < 100) { System.out.println(i); i++; }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 25 Logical Statements do-while do-while is similar to while statement that instead of evaluating the expression at the top of the loop, evaluates the expression at the bottom. –Statements associated with a do-while are executed at least once Syntax –do { statement(s) } while (expression); Operation –First the do statement executes the statement(s) associated with it. –Then the while statement evaluates expression that must return a boolean. –The do statement continues executing its block and the while statement continues testing the expression until the expression returns false. Example int i = 0; do { System.out.println(i); i++; } while (i < 100)

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 26 Logical Statements For for statement provides a compact way to iterate over a range of values. Syntax –for (initialization; termination; increment) { statement } –The initialization is an expression that initializes the loop-it's executed once at the beginning of the loop. –The termination expression determines when to terminate the loop. This expression is evaluated at the top of each iteration of the loop. When the expression evaluates to false, the loop terminates. –Finally, increment is an expression that gets invoked after each iteration through the loop. e.g. Example for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(“My value is “+i); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 27 Logical Statements Break Break causes an exit from the innermost enclosing loop. –Break statements in loops should usually be avoided as they alter the flow of control associated with loop statements from a clear "in at the top" to "out at the bottom" to something which is less obvious. –A break statement can sometimes be used "legitimately" to "break out" of a continuous loop. –However, in most cases there is an alternative strategy that will avoid the use of a break. Continue: causes the current iteration of the program to stop and the next to continue. e.g. for (int i=0; i<100; i++) { System.out.println(“ Square of “ + i + “ = “ + i*i); if (i*i > 10000) break; }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 28 Logical Statements Continue A continue statement returns to the beginning of the innermost enclosing loop without completing the rest of the statements in the body of the loop (for, while and do-while). –If you're in a for loop, the counter is incremented. –Rarely used in practice e.g. for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) { if (m[i] % 2 == 0) continue; // process odd elements... System.out.println(“Square of “ + i + “ = “ + i*i); }

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 29 Recap

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 30 Recap Statements Statements are roughly equivalent to sentences in natural languages. –A statement forms a complete unit of execution. It has many different types –Variable Declaration Statement –Expression Statement Assignment Statement Method Call Statement –Control Flow Statement Variable declaration statements are used to identify the type of the variable that is being declared –These statements start with a type and end with a semicolon

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 31 Recap Expression Statements Expression is a series of variables, operators, and method calls (constructed according to the syntax of the language) that evaluates to a single value. Expression Statements are formed by adding a semicolon at end of expression. Assignment statement –Any expression involving the assignment operator. –e.g. area = length * width; Method Call Statement –Method call expression does not involve assignment. –e.g. System.out.println(“This is a test”);

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 32 Recap Blocks and Empty/Null Statements Block is a group of statements enclosed in braces. Blocks can occur within blocks and are called nested blocks e.g.{ float length = 2; float width = 2; float area = length * width; System.out.println(“area = “ + area); } Empty or Null Statement – It is just a semicolon all by itself and results in no action. e.g. x = 2; ;

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 33 Recap Relational & Equality Operators Boolean Expressions –Evaluate to true or false –All conditional statements require Boolean expressions to decide flow of logic Relational & Equality Operators –used for comparing numeric values = == != These operators can be used between any two numeric values, e.g. int a = 10; int b = 20; int c = 15 a > b  false a < b  true c < 10  false

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 34 Recap Logical Operators These are used for combining multiple logical statements Three logical operators –&& - and –! - not –|| - or

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 35 Recap Logical Statements if statement –conditional statement which proceeds based on the evaluation of an expression –if (boolean-expression) then statement if-else statement –bi-directional logic expression –if (boolean expression) Statement11 else Statement2 Nesting of if and if else statements –Allows complex logic to be modeled Dangling else –else goes with the closest if statement

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 36 Recap Switch Statement Switch is a multidirectional logic statement. Switch(op) { case a: statementa; break; case b:statementb; break; … default: statement; } Notes 1.Only one default statement in the switch 2.Case and Default cannot occur outside of the switch 3.break – exits the switch statement 4.Without break execution falls to next statement in the succeeding case 5.By not using break, you can combine multiple cases

Sanjay Goel, School of Business, University at Albany, SUNY 37 Recap Loops or iterations while Statement while (expression) statement do-while is similar to while where expression evaluated at bottom. –do { statement(s) } while (expression); for Statement for(init statement; termination expression; increment statement) { block of statements } break and continue –break: causes an exit from the innermost enclosing loop. –continue: causes the current iteration of the program to stop and the next to continue.