NJIT 1 JDBC/Oracle tutorial Using Oracle on NJIT Computers by George Blank, Yong Hong Wu, Luv Tulsidas, and Bijal Desai

2 Topics covered Resources Setup Oracle environment on NJIT Install Oracle JDBC driver Introduction to Oracle 9 Oracle SQL*Plus Basics Introduction to JDBC JDBC Basics A sample JDBC program Summary References

3 Before Installation You cannot connect to Prophet using JDBC unless you do it from AFS. This is for security. You must use the version of Java installed on AFS and the JDBC drivers in the [ORACLE_HOME]/jdbc directory. You use the Oracle Thin Driver (not the OCI Driver). This is an all Java driver. Every time Oracle or the JDK is upgraded, there may be some changes to this document.

4 Accessing Oracle 10g at NJIT If you have an AFS account and are registered for this class, you should automatically have a Prophet account with Oracle at NJIT. Access prophet using Aqua Data Studio. See information at You should have received your username and password in the already. Use 'course' as Connection Identifier. If you don't have username and password, contact For help, go to and select Databases from the menu on the left.

5 Accessing University Computing Systems You can get to UCS using SSH You can use any system from afs1 to afs36 See for information on SSH and for information on UCS.

6 Testing JDBC Using your Prophet username and password, login to one of the afsnn computers to enter, compile and execute the Java program on the next four slides.

7 Test Program (1) ***************Test.java***************** import java.sql.*; class Test { public static void main (String args []) throws SQLException { // Load the Oracle JDBC driver DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver());

8 Test Program (2) String url = e"; try { String url1 = System.getProperty("JDBC_URL"); if (url1 != null) url = url1; } catch (Exception e) { // If there is any security exception, ignore it // and use the default }

9 Test Program (3) // Connect to the database Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url,"username","password"); // Create a Statement Statement stmt = conn.createStatement (); // Select the SYSDATE column from the dual table ResultSet rset = stmt.executeQuery ("select SYSDATE from dual");

10 Test Program (4) // Print the result while (rset.next ()) System.out.println (rset.getString (1)); // Close the ResultSet rset.close(); // Close the Statement stmt.close(); // Close the connection conn.close(); } }

11 Execute Test Program S ave the file and exit, i.e. if using pico type CTRL X and press yes. Compile the java code by typing the following at the command prompt: javac test.java Once the program is successfully compiled, execute it by typing: java test The program will identify whether or not the connection to Oracle was successful.

12 Errors If the program reports that your connection to oracle was unsuccessful or you receive java exceptions, it may be a problem specific to your AFS account.

13 Introduction to Oracle Oracle is an Object Relational Database Management System(ORDBMS). It offers capabilities of both relational and object- oriented database systems.

14 Tools of Oracle The tools provided by Oracle are so user friendly that a person with minimum skills in the field of computers can access them with ease.The main tools are: -SQL *Plus -PL/SQL -Forms -Reports

15 Introduction to SQL SQL was invented and developed by IBM in early 1970’s. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. Oracle’s database Language is SQL, which is used for storing and retrieving information in Oracle. A table is a primary database object of SQL that is used to store data.

16 Introduction to SQL(Cont’d) In order to communicate with the database, SQL supports the following categories of commands:- Data Definition Language- create, alter,drop commands. Data Manipulation Language- insert, select, delete and update commands. Transaction Control Language- commit, savepoint and rollback commands. Data Control Language- grant and revoke commands.

17 Benefits of SQL Non-procedural language, because more than one record can be accessed rather than one record at a time. It is common language for all relational databases. In other words it is portable and it requires very few modifications so that it can work on other databases. Very simple commands for querying, inserting and modifying data and objects.

18 SQL*Plus SQL*Plus is an Oracle specific program which accepts SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks and executes them. SQL*Plus enables manipulation of SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks. It performs many additional tasks as well.

19 Oracle Basics You must have an existing database instance before you can create an oracle relation (table). If you use NJIT Oracle account, you are already given a database instance when DBA opens the account for you. Note that the following discussion is generic, and not specific to NJIT’s Prophet account.

20 Oracle Internal Datatypes Character datatypes: - char datatype - varchar2 datatype - Long datatype Number datatype Date datatype Raw datatype Long raw datatype LOB datatype

21 Data Definition Language Create tables SQL> CREATE TABLE (,,.... CONSTRAINT pk_name PRIMARY KEY (column_name); CONSTRAINT fk_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name)); REFERENCE name1(name2) ON DELETE CASCADE); Alter the existing table SQL> ALTER TABLE MODIFY/ADD (column definition);

22 Data Definition Language(Cont’d) When there is no further use of records in a table and the structure has to be retained, then the records alone can be deleted. SQL>TRUNCATE table ; Drop a table SQL>DROP ;

23 Data manipulation Language Insert a tuple into a table SQL>INSERT VALUES ( value_1, value_2, value_3..); Request for information stored in a table SQL> SELECT column_names FROM table_name; Change the existing records in the table SQL>UPDATE SET =value,….. WHERE condition; Delete the rows in the table SQL>DELETE FROM WHERE condition;

24 Transaction Control Language Transaction Changes can be made permanent to a database only by committing. Commit command is used to end a transaction and make the changes permanent. SQL>COMMIT; Savepoints are like markers to divide a very lengthy transaction to smaller ones. SQL> SAVEPOINT savepoint_id;

25 Transaction Control Language(Cont’d) Rollback command is used to undo the work done in the current transaction. SQL> ROLLBACK ; SQL> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT savepoint_id;

26 Data Control language Grant privilege command: Object privileges can be granted to others using the SQL command GRANT SQL>GRANT privileges on to ; To withdraw the privilege that has been granted to a user, we use REVOKE command. SQL>REVOKE privileges on from ;

27 Introduction to JDBC What is JDBC ? JDBC is a Java API for executing SQL statements. It consists of a set of classes and interfaces written in Java programming language. JDBC provides a standard API for tool/database developers and makes it possible to write database applications using pure Java API.

28 What Does JDBC Do ? JDBC makes it possible to do three things: Establish a connection with a database Send SQL statements Process the results.

29 JDBC Driver Types The JDBC Drivers that we are aware of at this time fit into one of four categories: 1) JDBC-ODBC bridge plus ODBC driver 2)Native-API partly_Java driver 3)JDBC-Net pure Java driver 4)Native-protocol pure Java driver Categories 3 and 4 are the preferred way to access databases from JDBC.

30 JDBC Basics First you need to establish a connection with Oracle database. This involves two steps: (1) load the driver (2) make the connection. To load the driver: for NJIT Oracle account: DriverManager.registerDriver(new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver());

31 JDBC Basics (cont’d)  Make a connection to have the appropriate driver connect to Oracle by calling Connection Con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,“userID”, “password”); This method returns an open connection you can use to create JDBC statements that pass your SQL statements to the Oracle. For NJIT Oracle account String url

32 JDBC Basics (cont’d) The second step is to create a Statement object to send SQL statement to Oracle. It takes an instance of an active connection to create a Statement object. A Statement has two methods, executeUpdate() and excuteQuery(). Statement stmt = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query_name); stmt.executeUpdate(DDL_statement); ExcuteQuery() executes a prepared SQL statement and returns the result set in a ResultSet object.

33 JDBC Basics (cont’d) ExecuteUpdate() is used for updates and DLL statements only. Nothing should be returned for executeUpdate() method. A SQL exception will be thrown if executeUpdate() returns anything, or executeQuery() returns nothing. The third step is to create an instance of ResultSet to hold query results, as show below. ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query_name); ResultSet has several useful methods:

34 JDBC Basics (cont’d) next() method works like a pointer moving from the beginning of the result set towards the end. Each time it is invoked, the next row becomes the current row getXXX() method, where XXX is data type, retrieves the value in each column of the result set. The following code accessed the values in the current row of ResultSet rs and prints out the coffee name and price. String query = "select COF_NAME, PRICE from COFFEES"; ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query);

35 JDBC Basics (cont’d) while (rs.next()) { String s = rs.getString(”Coffee Name"); Float f = rs.getFloat("Price"); System.out.println(s + " " + f); } Using Prepared Statements Prepared Statement object contains a precomplied SQL statement, and it cost less excution time than Statement object. String query = “Update Customer set Phone = ? Where CID = ?”;

36 JDBC Basics (cont’d) PreparedStatement updatePhone = con.prepareStatement(query); UpdatePhone.setString(1, ‘ ’); UpdatePhone.setInt(2, 4567); UpdatePhone.excuteUpdate(); The above code will change the phone number for the customer whose ID is ‘4567’. SetXXX() method takes two arguments, the first one indicates which question mark is to be set, the second one supplies value to it. After the setXXX() method, the SQL statement is equivalent to query = “Update Customer set Phone = ‘ ’ Where CID = 4567”;

37 Summary JDBC makes it very easy to connect to DBMS and to manipulate the data in it. You have to install the oracle driver in order to make the connection. It is crucial to setup PATH and CLASSPATH properly

38 Very Important Make certain you close your connection: con.close(); If you end your program, but do not specifically close the connection, Oracle keeps a connection open. In April of 2002, Oracle had to be shut down and restarted due to hundreds of abandoned opened connections. In the corporate world, creating a problem that caused the database to be shut down would result in disciplinary action. The Database log tells who left the connection open.

39 Problems Encountered What causes the "No suitable driver" error? "No suitable driver" is an error that usually occurs during a call to the DriverManager.getConnection method. The cause can be failing to load the appropriate JDBC drivers before calling the getConnection method, or it can be specifying an invalid JDBC URL--one that isn't recognized by your JDBC driver. Your best bet is to check the documentation for your JDBC driver or contact your JDBC driver vendor if you suspect that the URL you are specifying is not being recognized by your JDBC driver.

40 Problems Encountered What causes the "No suitable driver" error? (continued) Do not install or upgrade drivers in your AFS account or modify your.profile or.login files in an attempt to get JDBC to work. It is very strictly configured to work with only the particular version of the thin driver and Prophet. Students who tried upgrading the drivers or modifying their profiles have been totally unable to connect.

41 References White,Seth and Maydene Fisher JDBC API Tutorial and Reference, 2nd Ed. Addison- Wesley Graham Hamilton,Rick Cattell, Maydene Fisher. JDBC Database Access With Java, A Tutorial and Annotated Reference Holowczak, Richard. ORACLE SQL*PLUS: An Introduction and tutorial. At Instructions for Prophet can be found at: under Databases on the menuhttp://web.njit.edu/