C ONTRIBUTIONS TO A THEORY OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ENGINEERING Scientific colloquium in honour of Prof. Andre U. Frank Vienna, 2008 Gilberto Câmara National Institute for Space Research, Brazil

Why GI Engineering? Frank, A. and M. Raubal (2001). "GIS Education Today: From GI Science to GI Engineering." URISA JOURNAL 13(2): 5-10 Chemistry Chemical Eng. Physics Electrical Eng. Computer Computer Eng. Science GI Science GI Engineering GI Engineering:= “The discipline of systematic construction of GIS and associated technology, drawing on scientific principles.”

Scientists and Engineers Photo 51(Franklin, 1952) Scientists build in order to study Engineers study in order to build

What set of concepts drove GIS -20? Map-based (cartography) User-centered (user interfaces) Toblerian spaces (regionalized data analysis) Object-based modelling and spatial reasoning

What should GIS-20 Engineers have studied? Cartography Photogram Spatial Relations Semantics Ontology Spatial Analysis Data Modelling Spatial Databases Computer Languages User Interfaces Geographic Information Engineering

GIS-20: Object-oriented modelling Egenhofer, M. and A. Frank (1992). "Object-Oriented Modeling for GIS." URISA Journal 4(2): SPRING´s object-oriented data model (1995) ARCGIS´s object-centred data model (2002) Geo-object Cadastral Coverage Spatial database Categorical Geo-field Numerical Is-a contains

GIS-20: Topological Spatial Reasoning Egenhofer, M. and R. Franzosa (1991). "Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations." IJGIS 5(2): OGC´s 9-intersection dimension-extended Open source implementations (GEOS)

GIS-20: User interfaces Jackson, J. (1990) Visualization of metaphors for interaction with GIS. M.S. thesis, University of Maine. Geographer´s desktop (1992) ArcView (1995)

GIS -20: Region-based spatial analysis Goodchild, Anselin, Applebaum, and Harthorn Toward Spatially Integrated Social Science. Int Regional Science Review 23 (2): GeoDA ArcGIS Geostatistical analyst (1995)

augmented reality sensor networks mobile devices GIS-21 ubiquitous images and maps Data-centered, mobile-enabled, contribution-based, field-based modelling

Global Change Where are changes taking place? How much change is happening? Who is being impacted by the change? Global Change: How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization?

Tracking Positions collected over a fixed period of time Monitoring Data from remote stations, fixed or mobile Sensor Webs source: ARGOS

What should GIS-21 Engineers study? Spatial Cognition Spatial Reasoning Semantics Ontology Spatio- temporal models Network theory Spatial Databases Computer Languages Info Visualiz. Geographic Information Engineering

GIE-21: Functional Programming Frank, A. (1997). Higher order functions necessary for spatial theory development. In: Auto-Carto 13. Frank, A. (1999). One Step up the Abstraction Ladder: Combining Algebras – From Functional Pieces to a Whole. COSIT 99 class Coverage cv where evaluate :: cv a b  a  Maybe b domain :: cv a b  [a] num :: cv a b  Int values :: cv a b  [b] Geospatial data processing is a collection of types and functions Functional programming allows rigorous development of GIS

GIS-21: Multiscale modelling snap: T ⟶ (S 1 ⟶ V) {snap 1 (t 1 ),., snap n (t n )} space-based snapshots hist : S 2 ⟶ (T ⟶ V) the history of a location in space Data modelling of human-environment issues poses unresolved problems

{snap 1 (t 1 ),...., snap n (t n )} a set of space-based snapshots state : (S x T) ⟶ V ) the previous state of the world (or a theory about) state : (S x T) ⟶ V ) (NEW) a new guess about the state of the world theory_space : (S ⟶ V ) a theory about the process that describe space theory_time : (T ⟶ V ) a theory about the time evolution {hist 1 (s 1 ),...., hist n (s n )} a set of time series for fixed locations

f ( I t+n ). FF f (I t )f (I t+1 )f (I t+2 ) GIS-21: Spatio-temporal modelling “A dynamical spatial model is a computational representation of a real-world process where a location on the earth’s surface changes in response to variations on external and internal dynamics on the landscape” (Peter Burrough) Dynamic Spatial Models need higher-order functions!

GIS-21: Spatio-Temporal modelling with Agents in Cell Spaces Cell Spaces Representation  Cell Spaces  Generalized Proximity Matriz – GPM  Hybrid Automata model  Nested scales TerraME: Based on functional programming concepts (second-order functions) to develop dynamical models

GIE-21: Spatial Cognition Technology-enabled spatial cognition: revisit the metaphors, obtain quantitative results, design better systems Collaborative GIS (Virtual Rome) Relative location in microspaces source: A. Camara (Ydreams) Frank, A. U. (1996). "Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Cardinal Directions as an Example." IJGIS 10(3): Mark, D. and A. Frank (1991). Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space. Dordrecht, Kluwer.

GIE-21: Network Theory Bus traffic volume in São PauloInnovation network in Silicon Valley Barabasi, A.-L. and Albert, R., Emergence of scaling in random networks, Science 286, 509–512 (1999). Newman, M. E. J., Barabasi, A.-L., and Watts, D. J., The Structure and Dynamics of Networks, Princeton University Press, Princeton (2003).

Consolidated area GIE-21: Network-based analysis Emergent area Modelling beef chains in Amazonia

GIS-21: Human-enviroment interactions Nature: Physical equations Describe processes Society: Decisions on how to Use Earth´s resources Frank, A. U. (2001). "Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in GIS." IJGIS15(7):

Should we teach GIEngineering for the 21st century? Spatial Cognition Spatial Reasoning Semantics Ontology Spatio- temporal models Network theory Spatial Databases Computer Languages Info Visualiz. Geographic Information Engineering