Nutrition, Minerals and Carbohydrates

Minerals Inorganic nutrients needed by the body –Elements other than C, N, O, H Major minerals -.1g or more –Calcium & magnesium Bones and teeth – osteoporosis Electrolyte balance – nerve conduction, etc.

Minerals Inorganic nutrients needed by the body –Elements other than C, N, O, H Major minerals -.1g or more –Sodium and potassium Electrolyte balance - cramping –Phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine Phosphorus also needed for strong bones

Minerals Trace minerals – milligrams/day –Iron – blood hemogolobin - anemia

Minerals Trace minerals – milligrams/day –Iron – blood hemogolobin – anemia Men can get an excess – damage liver and pancreas –Zinc – important form many enzymes Also immune system

Minerals Ultratrace minerals –As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, F, I, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, and V –Many just found in the last few years – Cr –Example, Iodine – thyroid – RDA =.15 mg

Carbohydrates n-carbons + n-waters –O’s are alcohols, aldehydes, or ketones –Most are soluble in water (H-bonding) Also called saccharides (sugars) Divided into three groups –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides

Sweetness of Sugars 1.73

Polysaccharides Three main types –Starch –Glycogen –Cellulose All polymers of glucose Complex carbohydrates

Starch Amylose –Straight chain ~ 200 glucose monomers –Called soluble starch Amylopectin –Branched polymer ~ 100 glucose monomers –Called insoluble starch, contributes to fiber Starch is the energy reservoir for plants

Glycogen Energy reservoir for animals Stored in the liver and the muscles Branched chains, but shorter than amylose

Cellulose Most abundant polysaccharide –Makes up 98% of cotton –Makes up 50% of wood Main source of dietary fiber - roughage Is the structural material of plants Straight chain polymer of glucose like amylose –However, our bodies cannot metabolize

Cellulose In amylose, glucose monomers connected by α linkages In cellulose, glucose monomers connected by β linkages Cows, sheep, camels, termites, etc have microbes in their intestinal track that release enzymes that can break β linkages

H19 – C , 9, 10, , 20, 22, 23, , 45, 46, 51, 57, 66