Robert P. Kirshner, Peter Challis, Tom Matheson, Malcom Hicken (CfA) Saurabh Jha (UC Berkeley) Peter Garnavich (Notre Dame) Supernovae at the CfA Current Samples and Applications

MOUNT HOPKINS, ARIZONA

& SCP & KAIT Supernovae in the IAU Circulars

Spectroscopy at Mount Hopkins FLWO 1.5-m Tillinghast reflector FAST spectrograph ● 3700–7500Å ● Recent upgrade to optics Three or four spectra per night, ~300 spectra per year Reliable service observers on site

Capability of Spectrograph SN with R = 19.8 mag

Recent Examples

Classification of Supernovae 560 nearby (low-z) SNe discovered in last three years 495 have spectroscopic classifications Mt. Hopkins program responsible for 195 (39%!) Spectra available on CfA web page alerts to immediately disseminate information

Spectroscopy Results – SN 2001V

Spectroscopic Database ● 387 Type Ia Spectra for SNe with calibrated light curves ● Epoch of spectra ranges from –14 days to several months past maximum ● 201 spectra from day –14 to day +14 ● Δm 15 range 0.85 ― 1.93 ● All galaxy types ● Once photometry complete, spectroscopic sample will double ● All spectra from same instrument/telescope combination ● All spectra reduced in same manner ● Systematics for comparison are reduced

Spectroscopic Database – Distribution by Age

Spectroscopy Results – SN 1998aq

SYNOW fit at day -9

Spectroscopy Results – SN1998aq SYNOW fit at day 0

Spectroscopic Database--Heterogeneity

Spectroscopic Database – Day –10

Spectroscopic Database – Day 0

Spectroscopic Database – Day +10

Spectroscopy Results – SN 1999by Effect of titanium strength on the spectrum

Spectroscopic Database – Titanium Bright, SlowDim, Fast

Spectroscopy Results – SN 1999gi Leonard et al. 2002

Photometry at Mount Hopkins FLWO 1.2-m reflector 4shooter camera 11' X 11' per chip One SN per night in UBVRI One night per dark run for photometric calibration, templates,etc. Service observing during scheduled programs

Capability of CCD Camera SN 2001V, discovered at FLWO Good U-band Response

IR Photometry at Mt. Hopkins FLWO 1.2-m Reflector with Stelircam One SN per night in JHK Service observing during scheduled programs Jha et al Mass Camera and Telescope coming soon: Josh Bloom

A Couple of UBVRI Light Curves... SN 1998bu in M 96 SN 2001V in NGC 3987

Even More Photometry Results Jha et al. 1999

A “U”nique Data Set U-band composite light curve

Measuring distances: MLCS2k2

MLCS2k2 Templates

Extinction Zeropoint (B-V) 35 = ± mag

Hubble-Flow SNe Ia 80 SNe Ia with cz ≥ 2500 km/s in CMB frame one parameter fit: a V = log cz - 0.2m V 0 a V = ± (random) ± (systematic)

Measuring the Hubble Constant

Cepheid-Calibrated SNe Ia 80 SNe Ia with cz ≥ 2500 km/s in CMB frame same supernova data! same Cepheid data!

Going with the Flows

ESSENCE Equation of State: SupErNovae Trace Cosmic Expansion

Claudio Aguilera --- CTIO/NOAO Brian Barris --- Univ of Hawaii Andy Becker --- Bell Labs/Univ. of Washington Peter Challis --- Harvard-Smithsonian CfA Ryan Chornock --- UC Berkeley Alejandro Clocchiatti --- Univ Catolica de Chile Ricardo Covarrubias --- Univ of Washington Alex V. Filippenko --- UC Berkeley Peter M. Garnavich --- Notre Dame University Malcom Hicken--Harvard-Smithsonian CfA Stephen Holland --- Notre Dame University Saurabh Jha --- UC Berkeley Robert Kirshner --- Harvard-Smithsonian CfA Kevin Krisciunas --- CTIO/NOAO Bruno Leibundgut --- European Southern Observatory Weidong D. Li --- UC Berkeley Thomas Matheson --- Harvard-Smithsonian CfA Anthony Miceli --- Univ of Washington Gajus Miknaitis --- Univ of Washington Armin Rest --- Univ of Washington/CTIO Adam G. Riess --- Space Telescope Science Institute Brian P. Schmidt --- Mt. Stromlo Siding Springs Observatories Chris Smith --- CTIO/NOAO Jesper Sollerman --- Stockholm Observatory Jason Spyromilio --- European Southern Observatory Christopher Stubbs --- Harvard-Smithsonian CfA Nicholas B. Suntzeff --- CTIO/NOAO John L. Tonry --- Univ of Hawaii ESSENCE Survey Team

ESSENCE Equation of State: SupErNovae Trace Cosmic Expansion ● NOAO Survey on CTIO 4m, MOSAIC for 5 years ● Shares frame subtraction pipeline with SuperMacho project, scheduled in “other” halves of SuperMacho nights ● Expect ~ 200 supernovae with 0.1 < z < 0.8 ● 3 band photometry: V,R,I (observer frame) ● 2 sets of fields, so  t=4 days ● Goal is to determine the distance to each redshift bin (  z = 0.1) to 2% ● ~3% photometry at peak SN brightness

Essence Survey Goal: w Monte Carlo of

Supernovae, CMB, and large scale structure will determine w to 10% This cannot fail to be interesting!  or something else. 

Gajus Maknaitis, U of Washington

The GOODs ACS Treasury Program & The Higher-Z Supernova Search Team Sees farther than others: 1.2< z < 1.8 supernovae Riess (STScI) Strolger (STScI) Tonry (UH) Filippenko (UCB) Kirshner (CfA) Challis (CfA) Casertano, (STScI) Dickinson (STScI) Giavalisco (STScI) Ferguson (STScI) Adam Riess

Expansion History of the Universe

The Rise and Fall of Aphrodite Aug 1Sept 22 Oct 1 Oct 5Oct 10 Oct 20 Oct 30Oct 31Nov 17Nov 25

Our first higher-z SN Ia, Aphrodite Aphrodite (1<z<1.5) ACS grism spectrum NICMOS F110W ACS F850lp viz

Looking back to the time when the Universe was decelerating!

Evidence for a change in cosmic acceleration: cosmic jerk Future: Acceleration without end?

CfA Work: Spectra for Classification Spectra for Analysis Lightcurves: UBVRI MLCS2k2 ESSENCE: onset of acceleration => w Higher Z: era of deceleration => jerk, w’