Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Communication Sciences and Disorders Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Focus Questions This chapter is designed to answer the following questions: What is communication? How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing? What is a communication disorder? What careers are available in communication science and disorders? 1.1 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Introduction Importance of communication Communication as the “heart of life’s experience” Communication disorders are relatively common (approx. 1 out of every 6 persons are affected) 1.2 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Chapter Objectives Define communication Provide an overview of different types of communication disorders Identify professionals in the field of communication science and disorders 1.3 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #1: Anika Roster Born to single parent – premature and low birth weight, result of lack of prenatal care and smoking during pregnancy Diagnosed as severely undernourished, placed on a nasogastric tube supplemented with breast feeding Now 4 weeks old – gaining weight, but no interest in breast feeding or any oral activity Speech-language pathologist called in to consult on ways to promote oral interest and intake 1.4 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #1 Questions: What are some strategies that the speech- language pathologist might use to promote Anika’s interest in oral exploration? What types of support should be provided to Ms. Roster to help her cope with the challenges of giving birth to a medically- fragile infant? 1.5 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #2: Jan Shen 62-year old Chinese-American Hearing has steadily decreased – can’t take part in most conversations, and recently was in a car accident most likely because of his hearing Evaluation showed severe hearing loss due to ongoing exposure to noise, recommended hearing aid, support group, and rehabilitation therapy Mr. Shen is depressed and doesn’t think he needs any of the recommendations 1.6 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #2 Questions: Why did Mr. Shen not seek help for his deteriorating hearing prior to his wife’s urging after car accident? What are some possible reasons for Mr. Shen refusing to return to the audiologist and follow the prescribed course of action? 1.7 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #3: Anna Parish 52-year old fundraising coordinator for church Suffered stroke that left her paralyzed on right side and speech impairment – apraxia (unable to produce speech, but can understand everything said to her) Received therapy, but her insurance won’t cover it anymore because of lack of progress Won’t take on former fundraising responsibilities because of frustration without speech 1.8 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Case Study #3 Questions: What are some possible supports that could be put in place for helping Mrs. Parish take greater responsibilities at work? What are some barriers that may be helping to keep Mrs. Parish from taking these responsibilities at work? 1.9 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

What is Communication? Definition: “process of sharing information between two or more persons” “transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener” – Borden, Harris, & Raphael, 1994, p Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

What is Communication? (cont’d) Three Purposes: Request Reject Comment Two Players: Sender Receiver Four Processes: Formulation Transmission Reception Comprehension 1.11 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Modalities of Communication Human communication is unique because of the use of language and speech Common Modalities: Speech Sign language Reading/writing 1.12 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Feedback Information provided by the receiver to the sender Linguistic feedback Extralinguistic feedback Paralinguistic feedback 1.13 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Communication Functions Instrumental – to ask for something Regulatory – to direct others Interactional – for social interactions Personal – to express feelings Heuristic – to ask for information Imaginative – to tell stories and role play Informative – to provide descriptions of events or objects 1.14 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Effective Communication Four Principles for Effective Communicators: 1.Quantity – provides the right amount and type of information 2.Quality – shares information that is accurate 3.Relevance – maintains the topic 4.Manner – speaks fluently 1.15 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Language, Speech, & Hearing I.Language As defined by Nelson (1998): “socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others who know the same code” 1.16 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Features of Language Universality Species-specificity Semanticity Productivity Rate of acquisition 1.17 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Three-Domain System of Language Content – meaning of language Form – the organization and arrangement of words, sentences, and sounds Use – the function of language for personal and social needs 1.18 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Five-Domain System of Language Semantics – meaning of words and word combinations Syntax – organization of sentences Morphology – organization of words Phonology – organization of sounds (phonemes) Pragmatics – language use for social purposes 1.19 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Metalinguistic Awareness “ability to deliberately scrutinize language as an object of attention” Semantic Syntactic Morphological Phonological Pragmatic 1.20 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

II.Speech Neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language Involves three systems: -respiration -phonation -articulation Most common form of language expression because of advantages over other modalities 1.21 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Model of Speech Production Perceptual target Motor schema Speech output Feedback 1.22 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Normal Speech Four essential building blocks: 1.Breathstream – consistent and even 2.Voice – appropriate intensity and pitch 3.Articulation – precision in phoneme production 4.Fluency – effortless and smooth speech 1.23 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

III.Hearing The perception of sound (in the communication process, the perception of speech) Steps of sound processing: -creation of sound source -vibration of air particles -reception by ear -comprehension by brain 1.24 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Communication Disorders Present when a person is either unable to or has significant difficulties in one or more of the four processes (formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension) Formulation or comprehension problems  language impairment Transmission problems  speech impairment Reception problems  hearing impairment 1.25 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Communication Disorders vs. Communication Differences When considering a person’s communicative abilities, we must be knowledgeable about their language, dialect, and cultural background A “difference” is when an “individual’s communication patterns differ substantially from that of the person or persons with whom he/she is communicating” 1.26 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

A.Disorders of Language Breakdown in one or more of the domains of semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, and pragmatics Child language disorders -ex. Specific language impairment (SLI) Adult language disorders -ex. Aphasia 1.27 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

B.Disorders of Speech Breakdown in one or more of the systems of respiration, phonation, and articulation Articulation and phonology disorders -distortions, substitutions, and omissions of speech sounds Fluency disorders Voice disorders -aphonia and dysphonia Motor speech disorders -apraxia and dysarthria 1.28 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

C.Disorders of Hearing Breakdown in the reception or transmission of sound Sensorineural hearing impairment -inner ear or auditory nerve Conductive hearing impairment -outer or middle ear Auditory processing disorder -auditory center in the brain 1.29 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

D.Disorders of Feeding and Swallowing Pediatric disorders of feeding and swallowing –Cleft palate –Cerebral palsy –Disordered interactions with feeding partners Adult dysphagia 1.30 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Career Options Speech-language pathology Audiology Allied Professions -special education -neurologist -occupational therapist -otorhinolaryngologist -pediatrician -psychologist 1.31 Justice Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.