Kort overzicht toegestuurde literatuur REDD Arend Jan van Bodegom

Angelsen (ed): Moving ahead with REDD (1) Many issues in this book, e.g.: Costs and potentials of REDD, Right scale of REDD, matching of needs and reaources, reference levels for REDD payments, monitoring, permancne forest degradation Criteria to evaluate them: options, implications: carbon effectiveness, cost efficiency and equity and co-benefit.

Angelsen (2): public funding and the market Public funding is needed for capacity building (readiness), demonstration activities, policy reforms and for activities in high riosk regions with weak governance. Tapping into the carbon market, however, has the potential to raise even larger amounts of funds: Selling REDD credits directly in compliance markets Funds generated by auctioning of emission allowances Funds from a tax on carbon trade.

Angelsen (3): How to minimise the risk of ‘flooding’ the market by REDD credits? Redd should be included in a global agreement on GHG emissions. Targets could be more ambitious without raising overall costs So do not separate decisions about overall targets from decisions on how to include REDD.

Angelsen (4): reference levels and permanence Reference levels (base line). Negotiators have to balance risks): of tropical hot air and diluted incentives if baselines are too generous Low participation and rejection by developing countries if baselines are set too tight. Permanence: Assign liability in the case of non-permanence is necessary if REDD credits are to be made fungible (interchangeable) with carbon credits from other sectors.

Karsenty: Architecture of proposed REDD schemes after Bali (1) Market instruments are very effective tools, but the are probably unable to change to socio- political context underlying tropical deforestation Baseline: little chance that future deforestation resembles the past How to disentangle the impact of genuine efforts by governments from random events? Incentives: States’ decisions and policies are influenced more complex processes than just a pricing mechanism.

Karsenty: Architecture of proposed REDD schemes after Bali (2) Risk: REDD schemes could generate huge amounts of ‘non-additional’ carbon emission allowances which could flood the carbon market. A Fund would be a more appropriate tool and the only solution should action be financed immediately rather than at the end of the commitment period (!?)

Karsenty: Architecture of proposed REDD schemes after Bali (3) Funding: Early funding to launch reforms, to compensate potential ‘losers’ and maintain efforts over time Large ‘payments for environmental services’ schemwes targeting local stakeholders. Much more costly than predicted in Stern review. Appropriate financial instruments can contribute to tackling the deforestation problem, but in-depth changes in collective and individual consuming patterns need to be changed at a global level!

Van Laake&Skutsch: forest biomass assessment in support of REDD by indigenous people and local communities Successful implementation of REDD can only be expected when the drivers and underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation are addressed. This requires a meaningful involvement of local communities

Van Laake&Skutsch: forest biomass assessment in support of REDD by indigenous people and local communities (2) Involvement of local communities: Involvement in assessment of biomass is then a logical choice. Involvement creates ownership Community involvement is a cheaper method than e.g. remote sensing.  ??How about conflict of interest??

Van Laake & Skutsch: forest biomass assessment in support of REDD by indigenous people and local communities (3) Communities can reliably collect the following data: Species identification with common names Tree count. Annual Measurement of girth. Annual Annual measurements: More awareness of changes; comm will remember methodology Assessment of the quality of the data Insight in effectiveness of interventions to reduce emissions Off-take of timber or minor products may result in deleterious effects on the biomass and should be detected in time.

Dutschke & Wertz-Kanounnikoff: financing REDD Financing upfront capacity building ( ‘ readiness ’ ) is likely to rely on public funds, financing for ongoing emission reductions is likely to come from funds and/or carbon markets (both voluntary and compliance- oriented). Traditional ODA for forestry has increased 47% since 2000! Financing gaps are likely to arise, in supporting the REDD demonstration period prior to 2012, and in countries with weak capacity and governance, and thus higher investment risks.

Dutschke & Wertz-Kanounnikoff: financing REDD (2) The most promising avenues for addressing financing shortfalls are market-linked mechanisms that tap carbon markets via auctioning emission allowances, fees and taxes on carbon transactions. The governance context of many tropical forest areas requires substantial prior investments in land tenure clarification and improved law enforcement before market-based finance becomes feasible.

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