c h a p t e r o n e Economics: Foundations and Models

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 2 of 19 After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss these three important economic ideas: People are rational. People respond to incentives. Optimal decisions are made at the margin. Discuss how an economy answers these questions: What goods and services will be produced? How will the goods and services be produced? Who will receive the goods and services? Understand the role of models in economic analysis. Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Become familiar with important economic terms. What Happens When U.S. Firms Move to China? LEARNING OBJECTIVES “Many U.S., Japanese, and European firms have been moving the production of goods and services to other countries.”

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 3 of 19 Economics: Foundations and Models In this book, we use economics to answer questions such as the following: “How are the prices of goods and services determined?” “How does pollution affect the economy, and how should government policy deal with these effects?” “Why do firms engage in international trade, and how do government policies affect international trade?” “Why does government control the prices of some goods and services, and what are the effects of those controls?”

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 4 of 19 Economics: Foundations and Models Scarcity The situation where unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants. Economics The study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources.

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 5 of 19 Building a Foundation: Economics and Individual Decisions LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 Market An arrangement or institution that brings together buyers and sellers of a good or service. Marginal analysis Analysis that involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs. Three important ideas:  People are rational  People respond to economic incentives  Optimal decisions are made at the margin

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 6 of 19 Scarcity Human Wants Scarce Resources Economic System Allocation of Resources WHAT? HOW? Distribution FOR WHOM?

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 7 of 19 The Economic Problem That Every Society Must Solve LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2 Trade-off The idea that because of scarcity, producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service. Three fundamental questions:  What goods and services will be produced?  How will the goods and services be produced?  Who will receive the goods and services produced?

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 8 of 19 The Economic Problem That Every Society Must Solve Centrally planned economy An economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated. Market economy An economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate economic resources. Centrally Planned Economies versus Market Economies

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 9 of 19 The Modern “Mixed” Economy Mixed economy An economy in which most economic decisions result from the interaction of buyers and sellers in markets, but where the government plays a significant role in the allocation of resources.

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 10 of 19 The Modern “Mixed” Economy Productive efficiency Occurs when a good or service is produced at the lowest possible cost. Allocative efficiency A state of the economy in which production reflects consumer preferences; in particular, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing it. Voluntary exchange The situation that occurs in markets when both the buyer and seller of a product are made better off by the transaction. Equity The fair distribution of economic benefits. Efficiency and Equity

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 11 of 19 Economic Models Positive analysis Analysis concerned with what is. Normative analysis Analysis concerned with what ought to be. Normative and Positive Analysis Don’t Confuse Positive Analysis with Normative Analysis Does outsourcing by U.S. firms raise or lower incomes in the United States? When Economists Disagree: A Debate Over Outsourcing 1 - 1

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 12 of 19 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 Microeconomics The study of how households and businesses make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices. Macroeconomics The study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 13 of 19 A Preview of Important Economic Terms LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5  Entrepreneur  Innovation  Technology  Firm, company, or business  Goods  Services  Revenue  Opportunity cost  Profit  Household  Factors of production or economic resources  Capital  Human capital

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 14 of 19 Allocative efficiency Centrally planned economy Economic model Economic variable Economics Equity Macroeconomics Marginal analysis Market Market economy Microeconomics Mixed economy Normative analysis Positive analysis Productive efficiency Scarcity Trade-off Voluntary exchange

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 15 of 19 Theme of this course Society is assumed to include: Capitalism Liberal Democracy What is the role of the business firm in such a society?

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 16 of 19 Capitalism Means of production privately owned Profit motive Free markets determine Production decisions Distribution decisions Pricing Minimal government interference or regulation (Laissez-faire philosophy)

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 17 of 19 Liberal Democracy Elections (Representative democracy) Subject to constraints Constitution and rule of law Liberal Rights Property Rights Due process Speech Assembly (and petition) Religion Privacy ??? Equality ???

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 18 of 19 Liberal Democracy Preconditions for liberal democracy Broad and flourishing civil society Strong middle class Equitable distribution of income and wealth Market economy Liberal democracy supported by Free and fair elections Pluralism Federalism

CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models 19 of 19 Theme of this course Society is assumed to include: Capitalism Liberal Democracy What is the role of the business firm in such a society? Is the assumption of capitalism and liberal democracy reasonable? In the United States In other countries?