Signaling and the Signal Transduction Cascade

Question?????? External Stimulus Inside cell Nucleus, Gene transcription Other cellular effects

General signaling principles:

Kinase: an enzyme which phosphorylates a specific amino acid residue by transferring a phosphate group from ATP Tyrosine Serine/Threonine Histidine Phosphatase: an enzyme which removes a phosphate group from a protein

Phosphorylation and adaptor proteins:

Calcium signaling:

Small G protein signaling:

Heterotrimeric (large) G protein signaling:

B cell receptor signaling:

T cell receptor signaling:

NFkB activation

Cytokine signaling:

Lymphocyte Programmed Cell Death