Executive Master Intercultural Communication Lugano 2012 Modul Fleiner Class 2: Shared Rule – Self Rule

Shared Rule Self Rule C o n s t i t u t i o n Basic Elements of Federalism

Shared Rule Principle

Main Issues: Legitimacy: Democracy Representation Equality Federalism Effectiveness Capacity to do the job Federalism and Government by Consent

Governmental Systems Parliamentary and Multicultural Society Presidential and Multicultural Society Directorial and Multicultural Society

Forms of Federal Executives and Legislatures in Selected Federations (Watts)

Federat ion Executive Legislature Head of Government Head Fe- deration Bicameral unic. Leg. Austr.CabinetPrime Mini.MonarchBicamer. AustriaCabinetChancellorEl. Presid.Bicamer. Belgi.CabinetPrime Mini.MonarchBicamer. CanadaCabinetPrime. Mini.MonarchBicamer. Germa.CabinetChancellorPres. El. Assembly Bicamer. Malays.CabinetPrime.Min.Sel. Her. rulers Bicamer. SpainCabinetPrime.Min.MonarchBicamer. CHFixed term Exec.Dire. Rot. Pres. Bicamer. USSep. Pres. Congress PresidentPres. Elected Bicamer.

Variations in Selection, Composition and Powers of Second Chambers S. Watts

SelectionCompositionPowersRole App. By Fed. Gov. CA Mal. 63% Seats Equal Regio. Repr. CA Absol Veto Mediation US, CH Legislature CH; US, AT AU MY App. By F.Gv. Nom. Provinc. Equ. St. Re. AU, US,CH Abs. Veto f. some Leg. Legis.; int. Gvt Rel ZA App. State Gov. GE 2 Cat. Of St. Repres. CH Susp. Veto time ES MY Interpret. Const. Ethi. Ind. El. State legis. AT IN MY Weighed. St. Repr. AU. IN. Susp.Veto GE Dir.El. Simpl. Plur. CH, US Weighed St. Repr. IN, AT Deadlock: joint Sitting Dir. El. Prop. AU Ad.repr.for other IN,MY Deadlock: Diss. Joint Sit. Choice left to Cantons CH Min. reg. repr. ES,BE Money Bill Sus Veto IN,My Mixed. BE.ES, MY Repr. Nation Ehtiop. Judic. Funct. Ethiop.

Self-Rule Principle Autonomy and Distribution of Powers

Problems: Solidarity e.g. Belgium Globalisation – Intergovernmental Relationship Wealfare State, New Deal USA Federal Spending power Common Law Continental Law Foreign investment Competition Human Rights – Right to be equal Devolution without shared Rule GB

Main Questions: Purpose of Distribution Who decides? Concept and Technique of Distribution Criteria‘s What is distributed Distribution to - Whom? - What entities? - Border- lines? Asymmetric Distribution

Who decides Constitution maker Federal Legislature Both Court (US, EU) Common Law: Family Law, Property Law, Contract, Criminal Law, Procedure, commercial law etc.

Purpose of Distribution and Criteria’s Legitimacy Diversity Efficiency Democracy Justice Financial Capacity Need for Coordination Interest of the task limited to the region Need for a uniform solution Closeness to local population Subsidiary Principle Commerce Clause Necessary and Proper Clause Purpose Criteria’sPrinciples Equality

What is distributed Branches of Government Constitution Making Legislation Execution Judiciary Financial Competences Income: Taxes, Grants, Bonds, Loans Expenditures Financial Equalisation Governmental Tasks Foreign Policy Incl. Defence Police Education, Cul- ture Health, Environment Economy and Development Mineral Resource, Water etc. Public Services Civil Law Common Law Individual / col- lective rights Common Law, Codi- fication Spending Power Opting out local deviation

Techniques of Distribution Exclusive Parallel Concurrent General Clauses Detailed Regulations Concept Technique Bottom up Top Down Parallel Distribution Supremacy