Emotion and Cognition Chapter 13 Monday November 20, 2006

Outline 1.Defining emotion 2.Early vs. current concepts of emotion 3.Neurobiology of emotion Limbic system Frontal structures and how they regulate emotion 4.Case studies and brain damage 5.The amygdala and learning and memory 6.The amygdala and identifying facial expressions

Emotion Facial Expressions NeutralAngerDisgustFear HappySadSurpriseNeutral

POSITIVE NEGATIVE HIGH AROUSAL LOW AROUSAL Elated Sleepy Angry Sad Proud Satisfied Interested Annoyed Surprised Fatigued Afraid Ashamed Emotions are Valenced

Emotion and Cognition Zajonc vs. Lazarus Descartes vs. Demasio

The Limbic System

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Frontal Projections

Frontal Cortex: A brief Background It makes you do the harder thing Cognition (working memory and executive function deficits) Task reversal (Eg. Alzheimer’s patients) (Rolls 1999)

Frontotemporal Dementia

Sleep The Dream 1932 Picasso

Orbitofrontal cortex in decision making

Frontal Cortex and Development in Humans

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Orbitofrontal cortex damage and social deficits Deficits in social decision making –Cannot inhibit inappropriate social responses or aggressive behaviours Utilization behaviour (Lhermitte, 1986) and mimicking Change in personality, irresponsibility, and lack of concern for the present or future Decrease in social status Inappropriate, aggressive and impulsive reactions

Emotion Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces: Emotional Blunting: a flat affect and may not respond appropriately to stimuli. Hyperphagia: extreme weight gain without a strictly monitored diet. There is a strong tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to compulsively place inedible objects in their mouths. Inappropriate Sexual Behavior: atypical sex behaviors, mounting inanimate objects. Visual Agnosia: "psychic blindness," i. e. an inability to visually recognize objects.

Inputs and Outputs of the Amygdala

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13-10a Davis, M. (1992). The Role of the Amygdala in Conditioned Fear. In J.P. Aggleton (Ed.), The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory and Mental Dysfunction (pp ). New York: Wiley-Liss

13-10b Davis, M. (1992). Th Role of the Amygdala in Conditioned Fear. In J.P. Aggleton (Ed.), The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory and Mental Dysfunction (pp ). New York: Wiley-Liss

13-10c Davis, M. (1992). Th Role of the Amygdala in Conditioned Fear. In J.P. Aggleton (Ed.), The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory and Mental Dysfunction (pp ). New York: Wiley-Liss

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Amygdala and Hippocampus The amygdala can modulate episodic/hippocampal dependant memory –Emotional arousal ameliorates explicit memory performance (McGaugh, 1999) –Chronic stress or extreme arousal can impair hippocampal memory performance (Sapolsky, 1992)

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Emotion Facial Expressions FearHappy Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1),

Emotion SM SM: A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy. Urbach-Wiethe Disease Happy Angry Afraid Surprised Disgusted Mean Correlation with Normals SM Control

Emotion Damage to the Amygdala Interferes with Fear Five Trial Blocks Mean % Change From Pre CS Baseline Sham Amygdala Lesion Untrained Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 23,

Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and Anxiety in Rodents Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Shock  heart rate decreased salivation increased startle defecation hypoalgesia  Activity Central State of Fear Auditory Stimulus &

Emotion Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear Pavlovian Fear Conditioning  heart rate decreased salivation increased startle defecation hypoalgesia  Activity Central State of Fear

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13-05a Davidson, R.J., Jackson, D.C., and Kalin, N.H. (2000). Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psychol. Bull. 126: