. Fákeppni Kafli 16. . Ófullkomin samkeppni Ófullkomin samkeppni vísar til þeirra markaða þar sem hvorki ríkir einokun né fullkomna samkeppni.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those.
Advertisements

17 Oligopoly.
OLIGOPOLY Chapter 16 1.
Oligopoly ECO 230 J.F. O’Connor. Market Structures Perfect competition –Many firms and identical goods Monopolistic competition –Many firms and differentiated.
16 Oligopoly.
Oligopoly and Game Theory ETP Economics 101. Imperfect Competition  Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western What’s Important in Chapter 16 Four Types of Market Structures Strategic Interdependence.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Oligopoly Chapter 16 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Department of Economics ECON 130 (003): Principles of Economics (Micro) Gerard Russo Lecture.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western CHAPTER 16 OLIGOPOLY.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Oligopoly Chapter 16 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Managerial Economics & Business Strategy Chapter 10 Game Theory:
Oligopoly Chapter 25.
Economic Analysis for Business Session XIII: Oligopoly Instructor Sandeep Basnyat
Oligopoly Chapter 16. Imperfect Competition oImperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly.
Principles of Microeconomics November 26 th, 2013.
Oligopoly Few sellers each offering a similar or identical product to the others Some barriers to entry into the market Because of few sellers, oligopoly.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those.
Einokun Kafli 15. Einokun Fyrirtæki í samkeppni tekur verðið sem gefið. (price taker) Fyrirtæki í einokunaraðstöðu hagar verði eftir vild. (price maker)
Monopoly & Oligopoly Chapter 15 & 16 Week 12, 13.
The Four Types of Market Structure
Einkasölusamkeppni Kafli 17. Ferns konar markaðsuppbygging EinokunFákeppniEinkasölu- samkeppni Fullkomin samkeppni kranavatn Mjólk Olía Tryggingar Skáldverk.
. Fákeppni Kafli Ófullkomin samkeppni Hugtakið ófullkomin samkeppni vísar til þeirra markaða þar sem hvorki ríkir einokun né fullkomin samkeppni.
Figure 12.1 Perfect Price Discrimination
Samkeppni fyrirtækja Kafli 14. Þýðing samkeppni u Fullkomin samkeppni (perfect competition) hefur eftirfarandi einkenni: u Margir seljendur og kaupendur.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western. BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly Fákeppni.
3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND II: MARKETS AND WELFARE. Copyright © 2004 South-Western 7 Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets (Neytendur, framleiðendur.
Chapter 16 notes oligopoly.
Oligopoly Chapter 16. Imperfect Competition Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition.
Principles of Microeconomics : Ch.16 Second Canadian Edition Chapter 16 Oligopoly © 2002 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
Chapter 16 Oligopoly. Objectives 1. Recognize market structures that are between competition and monopoly 2. Know the equilibrium characteristics of oligopoly.
What market structures lie between perfect competition and monopoly, and what are their characteristics? What outcomes are possible under oligopoly? Why.
Warm-Up 11/28 This should be quite easy for those book readers out there… Overview is due today What are the negative aspects of oligopoly?
Copyright © 2006 Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd. 16 Oligopoly.
OLIGOPOLY Chapter 16. The Spectrum of Market Structures.
Chapter 16 OligopolyOligopoly © 2002 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 17 Monopolistic Competition Einkasölusamkeppni.
Chapters 23 and 24. Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. Monopolistic Competition.
A monopolistically competitive market is characterized by three attributes: many firms, differentiated products, and free entry. The equilibrium in a monopolistically.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 17 Oligopoly. Figure 1 The Four Types of Market Structure Tap water Cable TV Monopoly (Chapter 15) Novels Restaurants.
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Oligopoly.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those.
Copyright © 2006 Thomson Learning 16 Oligopoly. Figure 1 The Four Types of Market Structure Copyright © 2004 South-Western Tap water Cable TV Monopoly.
Oligopoly and Game Theory ETP Economics 101. Imperfect Competition  Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect.
Ch. 16 Oligopoly. Oligopoly Only a few sellers offer similar or identical products Actions of any seller can have large impact on profits of other sellers.
17 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall.
Dr. R. JAYARAJ Q Cost ATC 1000 $50 Example: 1000 homes need electricity. Electricity Economies of scale due to huge FC ATC is lower if one firm.
Week 5 Market Structures. The four types of Markets Perfect Competition Monopoly Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 17 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition includes industries.
Copyright©2004 South-Western 16 Oligopoly. Copyright © 2004 South-Western BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those.
Market Structures Monopoly
Microeconomics 1000 Lecture 13 Oligopoly.
Market Structures Monopoly & Oligopoly
Ch. 16 Oligopoly.
Game Theory and Oligopoly
Imperfect Competition
Economics September Lecture 16 Chapter 15 Oligopoly
Market Structures Monopoly & Oligopoly
ECONOMICS UNIT #2 MICROECONOMICS
16 Oligopoly.
Market Structures Monopoly & Oligopoly
Fákeppni og einkasölusamkeppni
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Monopolistic Competition and Oligopolies
Oligopoly and Game Theory
Oligopoly and Game Theory
Introduction to Microeconomics Udayan Roy
Presentation transcript:

. Fákeppni Kafli 16

. Ófullkomin samkeppni Ófullkomin samkeppni vísar til þeirra markaða þar sem hvorki ríkir einokun né fullkomna samkeppni.

. Ófullkomin samkeppni Ófullkomin samkeppni á einnig við greinar þar samkeppnisaðilar eru til staðar, en samkeppnin er ekki svo mikil að einokunarvald sé ekki til staðar.

. Tegundir ófullkominnar samkeppni u Fákeppni u Nokkrir seljendur sem hver býður svipaðar vörur til sölu. u Einkasölusamkeppni u Mörg fyrirtæki sem selja vörur sem svipar til hver annars en eru samt ólíkar.

. Ferns konar samkeppnisstaða EinokunFákeppniEinkasölu- samkeppni Fullkomin samkeppni kranavatn kapalkerfi Tenniskúlur Olía Bækur Bíóhús Hveiti Mjólk Fjöldi fyrirtækja Vörutegundir Mörg Ft. Eitt Ft. Mörg Ft. Ólíkar vörur Einsleitar vörur

. Markaðir með nokkra seljendur Vegna þess hve seljendur eru fáir á fákeppnismörkuðum skapast togstreita á milli verðsamráðs og síðan hagnaðartöku.

. Einkenni fákeppni u Fáir seljendur bjóð einsleitar vorur u Fyrirtækin hafa áhrif hvert á annað u Best væri að stunda verðsamráð og hegða sér eins og einokari og takmarka framleiðsluna til þess að geta farið fram á hærra verð.

. Tvíkeppni (Duopoly) Tvíkeppni er fákeppni með aðeins tveimur seljendum

. A Duopoly Example: Demand Schedule for Water

. Tvíkeppni u Ef fullkomin samkeppni ríkti, yrði markaðsverðinu þrýst niður þar til jaðarkostnaður jafn 0: P = MC = $0 Q = 120 gallons u Ef einokun ríkti yrði markaðsverð og –magn hagrætt á þann hátt sem hámarkaði heildarhagnað: P = $60 Q = 60 gallons

. Tvíkeppni u Þjóðhagslega hagkvæmt magn er 120 gallon, en einokarinn mun aðeins framleiða 60 gallon. u Hvað gerist því hjá tvíkeppnisaðilunum.

. Samkeppni, samráð og samtök. u Tvíkeppnisaðilarnir gætu komið sér saman um einokunarmagn.. u Samráð (Collusion) u Þegar tvö fyrirtæki ákveða saman verð og magn á markaðinum. u Samtök (Cartel) u Þegar tvö fyrirtæki taka höndum saman og fylgja hverju öðru í takt.

. Samkeppni, samráð og samtök Jafnvel þó fákeppnisaðilar vildu bindast samtökum og þéna einokunarhagnað, er það oft ekki mögulegt. Samkeppnislög hindra opinber samtök meðal fákeppnisaðila til þess að vernda almannaheill.

. Jafnvægi í fákeppni Nash jafnvægi er sú staða þegar þeir aðilar sem að málum standa velja hver þann kost sem hentar þeim best, að gefnum ákvörðunum allra hinna.

. Jafnvægi í fákeppni Ef hvert fákeppnisfyrirtæki ákveður framleiðsluna, hvert í sínu lagi til þess að hámarka hagnað, þá munu þau framleiða meira magn en ef einokun væri til staðar, en minna en ef fullkomin samkeppni ríkti. Markaðsverðið verður einnig þarna á milli. Hagnaður verður einnig þarn á á milli.

. A Duopoly Example: Demand Schedule for Water

. Hvernig fjöldi markaðsaðila hefur áhrif á útkomuna u Magnáhrifin : Vegna þess að verð er hærra en jaðarkostnaður, mun aukin sala auka hagnað. u Verðáhrifin : Aukin framleiðsla mun lækka verðið og hagnað á allar seldar einingar. u Eftir því sem fjöldi seljenda vex mun markaður færast í átt til aukinnar samkeppni. u Verðið nálgast jaðarkostnað og framleitt magn nálgast það sem teljast þjóðhagslega hagkvæmt.

. Leikjafræði og lögmál um samvinnu.  Leikjafræði er greining á strategískri ákvarðanatöku fólks við ýmsar aðstæður.  Strategísk ákvörðun eru ákvarðanir sem teknar eru með hliðsjón af gerðum allra annarra, í sömu aðstöðu.

. Leikjafræði og lögmál um samvinnu u Vegna þess hve fyrirtæki á fákeppnismarkaði eru fá, mun hvern fyrirtæki hugsa á strategískan hátt. u Hvert fyrirtæki veit að hagnaður þess veltur ekki aðeins sinni eigin framleiðslu, heldur einnig framleiðslu allra hinna fyrirtækjanna.

. The Prisoners’ Dilemma The prisoners’ dilemma provides insight into the difficulty in maintaining cooperation. Often people (firms) fail to cooperate with one another even when cooperation would make them better off.

. Fangaleikurinn Bonnie’s Decision ConfessRemain Silent Confess Remain Silent Clyde’s Decision Clyde gets 8 years Bonnie gets 8 years Bonnie gets 20 years Bonnie gets 1 year Bonnie goes free Clyde gets 20 years Clyde gets 1 year Clyde goes free

. The Prisoners’ Dilemma The dominant strategy is the best strategy for a player to follow regardless of the strategies pursued by other players.

. Vandræði fangans Samvinna er erfið í framkvæmd vegna vegna þess að hún er í ekki samræmi við hagsmuni einstakra leikmanna.

. Fákeppni líkt við vandamál fangans Iraq’s Decision High ProductionLow Production High Production Low Production Iran’s Decision Iran gets $40 billion Iraq gets $40 billion Iraq gets $30 billion Iraq gets $50 billion Iraq gets $60 billion Iran gets $30 billion Iran gets $50 billion Iran gets $60 billion

. Fákeppni líkt við vandamál fangans Eiginhagsmunir gera það erfitt fyrir fákeppnisfyrirtæki að viðhalda samvinnu með lítilli framleiðslu, háu verði og einokunarhagnaði.

. Vígbúnaðarkaupphlaup Decision of the United States (U.S.) ArmDisarm Arm Disarm Decision of the Soviet Union (USSR) USSR at risk U.S. at risk U.S. at risk and weak U.S. safe U.S. safe and powerful USSR at risk and weak USSR safe USSR safe and powerful

. Auglýsingar Marlboro’s Decision AdvertiseDon’t Advertise Advertise Don’t Advertise Camel’s Decision Camel gets $3 billion profit Marlboro gets $3 billion profit Marlboro gets $2 billion profit Marlboro gets $4 billion profit Marlboro gets $5 billion profit Camel gets $2 billion profit Camel gets $4 billion profit Camel gets $5 billion profit

. Sameiginlegar auðlindir Exxon’s Decision Drill Two WellsDrill One Well Drill Two Wells Drill One Well Arco’s Decision Arco gets $4 million profit Exxon gets $4 million profit Exxon gets $3 million profit Exxon gets $5 million profit Exxon gets $6 million profit Arco gets $3 million profit Arco gets $5 million profit Arco gets $6 million profit

. En fólk vinnur stundum saman Fyrirtæki sem hugsa um framtíðar- hagnað munu vinna saman í endurteknum leikjum fremur en að svindla einum leik sem verður ekki endurtekin.

. Jack and Jill’s Oligopoly Game Jack’s Decision Sell 40 gallonsSell 30 gallons Sell 40 gallons Sell 30 gallons Jill’s Decision Jill gets $1,600 profit Jack gets $1,600 profit Jack gets $1,500 profit Jack gets $1,800 profit Jack gets $2,000 profit Jill gets $1,500 profit Jill gets $1,800 profit Jill gets $2,000 profit

. Stefna stjórnvalda í fákeppnismálum Samvinna með fákeppnisaðila er óæskileg frá sjónarhóli þjóðfélagsins vegna þess að hún leiðir til of lítillar framleiðslu og of hárrar verðlagningu.

. Deilur um samkeppnislög u Samkeppnislög eiga að koma í veg fyrir einokun á markaði. u Samkeppnislög geta stundum bannað viðskiptavenjur sem gætu annars verið jákvæðar: u Verðleiðbeining (Resale price maintenance) u Undirboð (Predatory pricing) u Samþætting (Tying)

. Verðleiðbeining Verðleiðbeining gerist þegar framleiðendur eða heildsalar gefa smásölum fyrirmæli um verðlagningu til neytenda.

. Undirboð Undirboð gerist þegar stórt fyrirtæki lækkar verð á framleiðsluvörum sínum með því augnmiði að hrekja samkeppnisaðila af markaðinum.

. Samþætting Samþætting á við þegar fyrirtæki býður tvær (eða fleiri) framleiðslu- vörur sínar saman á einu verði, fremur en að selja þær í sitthvoru lagi.

. Summary u Oligopolists maximize their total profits by forming a cartel and acting like a monopolist. u If oligopolists make decisions about production levels individually, the result is a greater quantity and a lower price than under the monopoly outcome.

. Summary u The prisoners’ dilemma shows that self- interest can prevent people from maintaining cooperation, even when cooperation is in their mutual self- interest. u The logic of the prisoners’ dilemma applies in many situations, including oligopolies.

. Summary u Policymakers use the antitrust laws to prevent oligopolies from engaging in behavior that reduces competition.

. Graphical Review

. The Four Types of Market Structure MonopolyOligopolyMonopolistic Competition Perfect Competition Tap water Cable TV Tennis balls Crude oil Novels Movies Wheat Milk Number of Firms? Type of Products? Many firms One firm Few firms Differentiated products Identical products

. The Prisoners’ Dilemma Bonnie’s Decision ConfessRemain Silent Confess Remain Silent Clyde’s Decision Clyde gets 8 years Bonnie gets 8 years Bonnie gets 20 years Bonnie gets 1 year Bonnie goes free Clyde gets 20 years Clyde gets 1 year Clyde goes free

. Oligopolies as a Prisoners’ Dilemma Iraq’s Decision High ProductionLow Production High Production Low Production Iran’s Decision Iran gets $40 billion Iraq gets $40 billion Iraq gets $30 billion Iraq gets $50 billion Iraq gets $60 billion Iran gets $30 billion Iran gets $50 billion Iran gets $60 billion

. An Arms-Race Game Decision of the United States (U.S.) ArmDisarm Arm Disarm Decision of the Soviet Union (USSR) USSR at risk U.S. at risk U.S. at risk and weak U.S. safe U.S. safe and powerful USSR at risk and weak USSR safe USSR safe and powerful

. An Advertising Game Marlboro’s Decision AdvertiseDon’t Advertise Advertise Don’t Advertise Camel’s Decision Camel gets $3 billion profit Marlboro gets $3 billion profit Marlboro gets $2 billion profit Marlboro gets $4 billion profit Marlboro gets $5 billion profit Camel gets $2 billion profit Camel gets $4 billion profit Camel gets $5 billion profit

. A Common-Resources Game Exxon’s Decision Drill Two WellsDrill One Well Drill Two Wells Drill One Well Arco’s Decision Arco gets $4 million profit Exxon gets $4 million profit Exxon gets $3 million profit Exxon gets $5 million profit Exxon gets $6 million profit Arco gets $3 million profit Arco gets $5 million profit Arco gets $6 million profit

. Jack and Jill’s Oligopoly Game Jack’s Decision Sell 40 gallonsSell 30 gallons Sell 40 gallons Sell 30 gallons Jill’s Decision Jill gets $1,600 profit Jack gets $1,600 profit Jack gets $1,500 profit Jack gets $1,800 profit Jack gets $2,000 profit Jill gets $1,500 profit Jill gets $1,800 profit Jill gets $2,000 profit