Comparative theories relevant to Tunisia, Egypt, & beyond Egypt Jan. 25 Tunisia Jan. 12

Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective Japan was “relatively backward” in 19 th C  Tokugawa Period (1600s – mid-1800s) Parallels to 15 th C England  Agricultural economy  Hereditary ruling class  Emperor

3 Japan Faces Threat from West Threat from West during Tokugawa  US—Commodore Perry’s “black ships” (1853)  Results in limitations on Japan’s sovereignty unequal treaties, “extra-territoriality,” limits on tariff authority

Japan Faces Threat from West U.S. Commodore Perry: 2 perspectives

Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective Japan succeeds in “catching up”  Defeats China in Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)  Colonizes Taiwan ( )

Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective Japan succeeds in “catching up ”  Defeats Russia in Russo- Japanese War (1904-5) Defeats European power Russo-Japanese War,

Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective Japan succeeds in “catching up ”  Colonizes Korea ( )  Launches expansion throughout Asia Japanese colonial building in Korea Japanese invasion of Hong Kong

Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective How did Japan “catch up”?  What factors would Gerschenkron consider?  What would Gerschenkron predict?

9 Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II “Meiji Restoration,” 1868  Group of reformers overthrew Tokugawa regime  Acted in name of emperor Hence “restoration”

Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII Meiji Restoration  Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) Which sectors?

Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII Meiji Restoration  Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) Which sectors?  Military related  Weapons  Shipbuilding

Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII Meiji Restoration  Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) Which sectors?  Military related  Weapons  Shipbuilding Even textiles

13 Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II Meiji Restoration  Video: Relate to Gerschenkron

14 Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II “Meiji Restoration”  Video Relate to Gerschenkron  Global technological frontier  Role for state  Speed

15 Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II Meiji Restoration  State struggles to develop through state ownership State ownership  private ownership State assets sold to private firms on favorable terms

16 Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II Meiji Restoration  Zaibatsu (late 19th C – early 20th C) Under state guidance Large family-controlled firms  Combined banking & industry  Examples  Mitsubishi  Mitsui  Sumitomo  Yasuda Mitsubishi

17 Economic development in Japan pre-World War II Government bureaucrats “guided” zaibatsu  Used government policy tools Subsidies Low interest-rate loans Tax breaks Tariff protection

18 Economic development in Japan pre-World War II Government bureaucrats “guided” zaibatsu  Used government policy tools Subsidies Low interest-rate loans Tax breaks Tariff protection   Targeted specific industries Textiles (silk) Steel manufacturing Chemical production Ship-building Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki, 1885 Spinning factory in Osaka

19 Economic development in Japan pre-World War II Rapid economic development in Japan  Depends on extensive foreign trade  Seeks raw materials, markets, outlets for investment

Japan moves into “core” Could dependency theory explain Japan’s move into the core?

Japan moves into “core” Japan as a member of the core  Colonizes Taiwan (1895), Korea (1910)  Attempts domination of Asia (1930s) Seeks raw materials, markets, outlets for investment  Taiwan  Rice, sugar  Korea  Iron ore

Japan as a member of the core  “Greater East Asia ‘Co-Prosperity’ Sphere” Japan’s approach to colonial rule  Japanese colonial administration  coercive  Staffed by Japanese  Penetrated beyond “transnational kernel” to hinterland  Benefited zaibatsu  Mitsubishi, Mitsui  Tripled their assets

Nature of Japanese System, Post-WW II: Johnson reading What are the elements of the capitalist developmental state model, according to Johnson?