Ex 29

Blood connective tissue which consists of: plasma cells centrifuge 55% plasma 45% RBC’s & WBC’s Hematocrit = % RBC’s in whole blood

Hematocrit Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cells female normal range % (average of 42%) male normal range % (average of 46%) testosterone Hemoglobin protein in RBC that carries oxygen (and more) Male 13-18g/dL, Female 12-16g/dL Hct usually = 3x Hg Anemia not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin

Red Blood Cell Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 red blood cell anucleatered with pale center due to biconcave shape carries O 2 and CO million Hct= 42% women and 47% men (+/— 5%)

Red Blood Cell Variations Cellnuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 reticulocyte none-fragments of nucleus visible bluish-redRBC precursor increased when RBCturnover is high 1-2% sickle cell sickle shape to cell due to gentetic defect in RBC protein, malaria resistance to heterozygotes iron deficient RBC pale red, small

White Blood Cells WBC’s immune cells phagocytes antibody producing cells mediators of immunity Divided into two groups granulocytes chemicals stored in cytoplasm stain distinctive colors usually with a multi-lobular nucleus neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil agranulocytes clear cytoplasm usually has a round or horseshoe-shaped nucleus lymphocyte, monocyte

Granulocytes Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 neutrophil lobular— 2-5 lobes intermediate colored granules phagocytosis of bateria and fungi, mediates inflammation varies 3,000-7, % of WBC’s band cell immature neutrophil

Granulocytes Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 eosinophil lobular— 2 lobes red granules combats parasitic infection, phagocytizes immune complexes, reduce inflammation % of WBC’s

Granulocytes Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 basophil lobular— U to S shaped with 2-3 constrictions deep blue- purple granules granules contain histamine and heparin, mediates inflammation (hard to find on slides) <1% of WBC’s

Agranulocytes Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 lymphocyte round—takes up most of cell pale blue mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, includes B and T cells 1,500-3, % of WBC’s

Agranulocytes Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 monocyte U or kidney shaped large in size grey-blue in color phagocyes called macro- phages in tissues % of WBC’s

Platelets Cell nuclear appearance cytoplasmfunctioncount/mm 3 platelets none- fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte reddish-purple mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically 150K-500K coagulation: process by which platelets and blood proteins stop blood flow coagulation time: time it takes to clot blood. 2-6 minutes.

Blood Type Glycoproteins some people’s RBC’s have substances called glycoproteins on the cell membrane. the glycoprotein determines the blood type type A type B type AB type O

Blood Type type A type B type AB type O anti B antibody anti A antibody no antibody anti A & B antibody isoantibodies and agglutinins

Blood Type mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis type A recipient type B donor

Blood Type type A mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis type B

Blood Type type A mixing of incompatible blood types causes hemolysis type B anti B antibodies from recipient’s blood causes hemolysis of the donated type B blood anti A antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)

Blood Type recipient type AB donor type O

Blood Type type AB type O

Blood Type type AB type O there are neither anti A or B antibodies in recipient’s blood, no hemolysis of donated blood occurs anti A and B antibodies from donated blood causes some hemolysis of the recipient’s blood (but effect is minimal)

Blood Type ABABO compatible donor A,OB,O A,B, AB,O (universal recipient) O incompatible donor B,ABA,AB— A,B,AB (universal donor)

Blood Type Genetics follows classic “Mendelian” genetics A and B share dominance and O is “recessive” type A AA type B BB AB 100% type AB

Blood Type Genetics follows classic “Mendelian” genetics A and B share dominance and O is “recessive” type A AA type O OO AO 100% type A

Blood Type Genetics follows classic “Mendelian” genetics A and B share dominance and O is “recessive” type A AB type O OO AO BO 50% type A, 50% type B

Blood Type Genetics follows classic “Mendelian” genetics A and B share dominance and O is “recessive” type A AO type O BO ABAOOBOO 25% AB, 25% B, 25% A, 25% O

Blood Type Rh Factor named after a protein on monkey RBC’s where it was first described 85%-100% of various populations are Rh + (they have the Rh antigen on their RBC’s) Rh— people produce Rh antibodies only when exposed to Rh+ blood (usually no problems with first transfusion) once Rh antibodies are produced they persist forever if another transfusion occurs they will likely have a hemolytic reaction as discussed previously)

Blood Type Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Rh — mother / Rh + father if fetus is Rh + it can sensitize the mother to produce Rh antibodies when some blood mixture occurs during pregnancy Subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus will be a problem Rh antibodies produced by the mother cross the placenta and cause hemolysis in the Rh+ fetus, usually results in death Prevented by injecting Rh— mother with Rh antibodies prior to delivery