Vietnam II: The Anti-war Movement

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Presentation transcript:

Vietnam II: The Anti-war Movement Reform, Revolt and Reaction Lecture Nine, Term 2 Week 2

Establishment Critics J. William Fulbright (Chairman of Senate Foreign relations committee) Walter Lippmann (dean of American Journalists) George Ball (Asst. Sec. of State under JFK) George Kennan (theory of “containment”) Hans Morgenthau (theorist on international relations)

“Teach-ins” University of Michigan, March 1965 Washington DC May 1965 (national, televised)

A Coherent “Movement”? Moderates Traditional Pacifists Communists Criticism of nuclear weapons, but never demanded withdrawal Traditional Pacifists Christian values, linked to Civil Rights Movement, called for non-violent resistance Communists Not influential; war as imperialist genocide Students for a Democratic Society (est. 1960) Most aggressive, campus radicals – based on ideas of secular alienation Hippies (from 1967 Yippies: New Youth International Party) Cultural radicalism / anarchism? National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Vietnam Mobilization to End the War (MOBE)

Anti-War Posters

Spring 1965 Marches 20,000 protestors in Washington 500,000 protestors in Manhattan “Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?”

Self Immolation 2 Nov 1965, Norman Morrison outside the Pentagon

21 October 1967 March on Washington and the Pentagon

“The living room war”

The Silent Majority 1964 – 85% supported LBJ with Gulf of Tonkin Feb 1965 – 35% wanted to withdraw; 75% wanted a negotiated settlement July 1966 LBJ support at 46% - and continued to decline

The 1968 Democratic Convention

4 May 1970 Kent State University

The Pentagon Papers Study commissioned by McNamara leaked to New York Times, June 1971 by Daniel Ellsberg

Resisting the Draft 200,000 refused to obey draft orders Sentence for draft evasion: 1965: 21 months 1968: 37 months 1972: 4,906 prosecutions (highest during war)

Organised Resistance to Draft SDS Slogans 1966: “Hell no, we won’t go!” “Not with my life, you don’t!” April 1967 Muhammad Ali refused draft “The Resistance” (Berkeley) Mass card turn-in Autumn 1967 Stop-the-Draft Week Oct 1967 Tried to shut down induction centre in Oakland, CA (failed)

How to defer the draft? College Work in defence company Husbands/fathers Medical problems Homosexuality Madness Failing IQ tests Conscientious objectors Enlistment National Guard / Coast guard 8,769000 given permanent deferment Easy to manipulate Varied by locality Lack of patriotism? Selfishness? Cowardice or courage?

Key Questions to Consider… What groups of people opposed the war, and why? How radical was the anti-war movement? What impact did the media have on the anti-war movement? How and why did people try to resist the draft? How did ordinary people and conservatives react to the war and the anti-war movement?