R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive. Source:

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Energy and the Environment Part II CES August 2010 Prof. R. Shanthini Dept of Chemical & Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Peradeniya

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Describe the major energy technologies Assess the impact of the use of energy from the environmental (ecological) point of view Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of - energy sufficiency (conservation) - energy efficiency - energy security and - sustainability issues Learning Objectives √

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Global CO 2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the manufacture of cement (in 10 9 kg CO 2 ) Source: Carbon dioxide emissions

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Global Carbon Cycle Fossil- fuel burning 5.3 Land use 0.6 – 2.6 Photosynthesis Plant respiration Decay of residues Sea-surface gas exchange Net ocean uptake 1.6 – 2.4 Numbers are billions of tons of carbon Geological reservoir

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere (in ppmv) Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Concentrations ppmv in ppmv in pre- industrial time

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) including Carbon dioxide GHGs are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 The Greenhouse effect A T M O S P H E R E S U N

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 The main GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Without GHGs, Earth's surface would be on average about 33°C colder than at present.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Rise in the concentration of four GHGs

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Global Warming Potential (GWP) of different GHGs

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and other industrial activities since the Industrial revolution have increased the GHGs in the atmosphere to such a level that the earth’s surface is heating up to temperatures that are very destructive to life on earth. Global Warming

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Global Warming Source:

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Compare the above with the fact that the global temperature has not varied by more than 1 or 2 o C during the past 100 centuries. The global temperature has risen by 0.74 ± 0.18°C over the last century (from 1906 to 2005). Source: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Global warming has begun….. Global Warming

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Consequences………… Climate change

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: Persistent flooding is causing the submergence of the Carteret Islands. Saltwater intrusion is contaminating the islands freshwater supply and preventing the growth of crops. The islands were declared uninhabitable by the government in 2005 and expected to be completely submerged by World’s first environmental refugees from Carteret Islands, Papua New Guinea. Climate change

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 death of coral reefs fewer cubs for p olar bears spread of dengue and other diseases heavy rains & severe draughts fires, floods, storms, & hurricanes changed rainfall patterns warming and aridity loss of biodiversity and more…………….. Climate change

R. Shanthini 15 Aug Accelerated Climate Change -Mass extinctions -Ecosystems breakdowns -Large scale discontinuities At the rate of 1.5 ppmv of CO 2 increase per year, 400 ppmv CO 2 will be reached in 2018, and it is probable that the global temperature would go up by 2 o C (compare it with the 0.01 o C per decade estimate by WWF).

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Some say, forget about the 2 o C. The limit is not 400 ppmv CO 2. It is 550 ppmv CO 2 (which is nearly twice the pre-industrial value).

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Sustainable Limit Calculations

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production: 1. Virgin material supply limit: To stabilize the atmospheric CO 2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100, global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x kg (= 7 to 8 giga tonnes) of C per year (IPCC, 1996). Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

R. Shanthini 15 Aug Allocation of virgin material: Each of the average 7.5 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions. This translates to roughly 1000 kg (1 tonne) of C equivalents per person per year. Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:

R. Shanthini 15 Aug Regional “re-captureable” resource base: Recycling of carbon in the form of permanent or semi-permanent sequestration may eventually possible through controversial techniques, not at the moment. Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:

R. Shanthini 15 Aug Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate: The U.S. on average produced 5500 kg (5.5 tonnes) of C equivalents per person (including emissions from land use change) in 2000, which is well beyond the global sustainable rate of 1000 kg (1 tonne) of C equivalents per person per year. Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Sources: HDI > 0.8 USA Sri Lanka

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI) HDI = LI 3 + EI 3 + GDPI 3 LI (Life Index) = Life Expectancy GDPI (GDP Index) = ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100) ln(40000) - ln(100) EI (Education Index) = 2 Adult Literacy School Enrollment

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Sources: Sustainable limit HDI > 0.8 Unsustainable amount of per capita CO 2 emissions are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9) USA Sri Lanka

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Discussion Point 3: How to limit the CO 2 emissions below the sustainable limit? Take 10 mins.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008 Fossil Fuel Type Reserves–to-production (R/P) ratio gives the number of years the remaining reserves (most optimistic estimates) would last if production were to continue at the 2007 level Oil41.6 years Natural Gas60.3 years Coal133 years Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields,

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: Production from Mexico's largest oilfield, Cantarell, fell from 1.99 million b/d in Jan 2006 to 1.44 million b/d in Dec Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields,

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: Well #34 has run dry and is now pumping fossils

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland Former Prime Minister, Norway Former Chair/ World Commission on Environment and Development Responsible for the broad political concept of Sustainable Development “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“ - “Our Common Future”, 1987

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Sustainable Energy: is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment. Could we achieve a world that consumes sustainable energy without re-organizing the entire energy system of the present? Discussion Point 4: Take 10 mins. Renewable Energy: are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 But, we replace our forests with cities, highways & golf courses. Option 1: Increase the use of carbon sinks (such as forests where 70% of all photosynthesis occurs). Stop destroying forests, and grow more trees. R. Shanthini 19 Jan 2010

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 The forest cover is already too small to help reducing global warming. How long does it take to grow a tree like this?

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Option 2: Change to non-CO 2 emitting energy sources What are they? Nuclear Hydro Renewables (Geothermal, Solar, Wave, Tidal, Wind, Biomass and Biogas) Muscle Power

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 World Energy Consumption by Fuel (in %)

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 What are the problems with hydroelectric power? barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements The future generations must pay for destroying dams Hydroelectric power Is it a sustainable form of energy?

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Hydroelectric power The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in Removal of dam will restore the fish habitats, will create an additional 715 acres of terrestrial vegetation, and improve elk habitats. estimated cost $308 million ± 15%

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk 2 nd Generation Thin-film GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Inorganic Solar Cells Bulk 2 nd Generation Thin-film GermaniumSilicon Mono-crystalline Poly-crystalline Ribbon Silicon Amorphous Silicon Nonocrystalline Silicon 3 rd Generation Materials CIS CIGS CdTe GaAs Light absorbing dyes Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains. Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C. And, 1.5 tonnes of CO 2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 IAEA2000

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 IAEA2000

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Comparing Sri Lanka with USA Sri LankaUSA Human Development Index (HDI) Ecological Footprint (EF, defined on next page) 2005 per capita 1 gha9.4 gha CO 2 emissions per capita in tonnes of C 5.62 tonnes of C Electricity consumption per capita in kW-hr 14,240 kW-hr GDP per capita in ,896 PPP US $ 43,968 PPP US$

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 EF measures (in global hectares) how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology. EF does not include an economic indicator. Source: frequently_asked_questions/#method1 A global hectare (gha) is a common unit that encompasses the average productivity of all the biologically productive land and sea area in the world in a given year. Biologically productive areas include cropland, forest and fishing grounds, and do not include deserts, glaciers and the open ocean. Ecological Footprint (EF)

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans. Source: Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Biocapacity per capita = 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha ( ≈ 5 acres) Biocapacity

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: For Sri Lanka

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: For USA

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: EF is 1.3 in That is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 Source: EF will be 2 by the mid 2030 if current population and consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 More people More pollution Option 3: Reduce Population

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 If you are in USA, you will be lighting 18.5 bulbs, each with 200 W power If you are in China, you will be lighting 3 bulbs, each with 200 W power Electricity use in 2006

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 in 2005

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 in 2005

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 CO 2 emissions per capita has stronger links with GDP per capita than with population.

R. Shanthini 15 Aug 2010 “We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.” Albert Einstein End of Part II (short Break)