AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN THE U.S. AND SOUTH KOREA Prepared for 2003 AWRA International Water Congress Watershed Management for Water Supply Systems Young-Doo Wang, William James Smith, Jr., Michael Scozzafava, Sara Wozniak, Joon-Hee Lee, Kyoo-Yong Lee, John Byrne Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Conflict is Inherent in River Basin Management Diverse “Stakes” are Held Multi-Purpose Resources are Shared Political Leaders -- Forces both within and beyond the Basin Heterogeneous Visions of the Past, Present and Future Collide Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Institutionalized Method of Mitigating Conflicts through Transparent, Democratic and Participatory “Social Transactions” or “Trade-Offs.” Conflict Resolution is a Core Element Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Enhanced Sustainability through Conflict Resolution A Measure of the Potential to Enhance Current and Future Water Quality & Quantity (W) in a Given River Basin through Balanced Consideration of Socio-Political Equity (E), Ecological Viability (E) and Economic Development (E), or “WE 3 ” Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Economic Development Conflict Resolution Ecological Viability Sociopolitica l Equity Sustainable Water An Alternative Approach: Harmonizing WE 3

U.S. and South Korean River Basin Conflicts The Delaware River Basin Susquehanna River Basin Nakdong River Basin Han River Basin Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

27,410 sq. miles: PA, NY, MD Susquehanna River Basin Compact: December 1970 Point of contention: Baltimore withdrawals from Conowingo Pool 1993 City Announces Intentions The Susquehanna River Basin

Conflicts 1994: SRBC Notifies Baltimore City Cites MD Reservation In Disagreement April 1998: Public Hearing in York, PA United States District Court, MD Case: Baltimore Appeals to U.S. Court of Appeals, 4 th Circuit August 9, 2001: SRBC Commissioners Approve Settlement Agreement Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Outcomes Baltimore increases withdrawals to 250mgd SRBC Drought Emergency Powers City System Water Conservation Measures SRBC Legally Affirms Authority Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Sustainability Implications Balanced Supply and Demand-Side Considerations Public Participation in Resolution Process SRBC Low-Flow Regulatory Powers Baltimore Enters in Agreement with Harford County, MD.

The Nakdong River Basin Daegu Busan

Point of contention: Development vs. water quality (Wichon industrial complex) Upstream: Deregulation, construction of industrial complex Downstream: Opposition to industrial complex, stricter regulation The Nakdong River Basin Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

MOE held over 100 meetings, hearings, and seminars A comprehensive plan was finalized in December 1999 The legalization of the plan was not easy The bill was passed and put in effect in January Conflicts Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Outcomes Total Load Management System Water Use Charge Government Efforts to reach agreement through continuous dialouges Riparian buffer zones Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Sustainability Implication Harmonious realization of WE3 goals

Government Efforts to reach agreement through continuous dialouges Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Sustainability Implication Harmonious realization of WE3 goals

Comparison Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware The U.S. Regional governance backed by law and resources Heavy reliance on the court system Powerful NGOs and community groups South Korea The central government’s role Less use of the courts as a tool Reliance upon compensation schemes to build consensus

Lessons Learned Conflict resolution mechanisms should be institutionalized in the planning stage of project Equity-driven programs are critical The balanced consideration of both supply- and demand- side options is important Community-based transactions are vital Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware

Conclusion Community-based transactions are vital Through these transactions the goal of sustainable river basin management can be secured. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Center for Energy and Environmental Policy University of Delaware University of Delaware Necessary to balance all aspects of WE 3

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