INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Ms. Autumn Pettit Instructor

Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice A Brief History: Laws: A body of rules that govern conduct with penalties for violations Historically, in other countries, the ruler created the law and enforced it. In the US laws are not enforced by the creators but by law enforcement officials

Primitive and Ancient Law Law enforcement can be traced back to cave dwellers. Tribes and clans Justice was retaliatory: punish the offender. Punishment delivered by victim or victims family.

Common Punishments: Flaying Impalement Burning at stake Stoning Branding Mutilation Crucifixion

Egypt Developing Court System Judges were appointed by Pharaoh Public officers performed police functions Greece Ephori Investigator, judge, jury & executioner Presided over Senate and Assembly

Rome Twelve Tables 1st written laws Urban Cohort, Praetorian Guard Used to protect the palace and patrol the city Vigiles 1st civilian police force Where word vigilante was derived Justinian Code Corpus Juris Civilis: Body of Law

English Law and Law Enforcement Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing System Tithing system -Group of 10 families -Responsible for maintaining order -Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft -Hue & Cry Hundreds -Group of 10 Tithing -Top official: reeve -Elected a constable, 1st English police officer

Hundreds were consolidated into Shires or Counties The head of the shire was the shire-reeve -Forerunner to our county sheriff -Both police officer and judge -Power of posse comitatus (later known as posse)

Norman Frankpledge System 1066 William the Conqueror invaded England Modified tithing system into Frankpledge System Required loyalty to the king’s law and responsibility of free Englishmen to maintain peace

Twelfth Century Henry I: 1100-1135 Leges Henrici -Made law enforcement a public matter and separated offenses into felonies and misdemeanors. Henry II: 1154-1198 -Established the jury system

Magna Carta -Signed by King John -Precedent for democratic government -Required rulers uphold the law -forbade taxation without representation -required due process, including trial by jury, and safeguards against unfair imprisonment

Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners Henry Fielding fought for social and criminal reform Established the Bow Street Runners 1st detective unit in London Volunteer force Foot and horse patrols

Peelian Reform Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel “father of modern policing” Proposed community responsibility for preserving law and order Lead to the organization of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829

London Metropolitan Police “Bobbies” Uniformed Primary function was crime prevention through patrol Were not popular 1883 appointed two women to supervise women convicts 1905 women conducted inquiries in cases involving women and children

Early Law Enforcement in the United States Boston 1631 Six man force Primary function was to ring bell in case of fire In effect for more than 200 hundred years 1735 required to call out time and weather

New York New Amsterdam 1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect colony 1653 changed to “rattle watch” 1844 paid round clock police force First uniform police force

Slave Patrols Vigilante Movement Enforce Curfews Catch runaways Suppress rebellion Vigilante Movement Refers to the absence of law enforcement Settlers taking law into their own hands

Federal Agencies Department of Justice FBI FDEA US Marshals INS (now Dept of Homeland Security) BOP

Department of Treasury Bureau of Customs IRS Secret Service (Dept of Homeland Security) BATF

Department of Homeland Security -Created after 9/11 -Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.

-Coroner or Medical Examiner State Agencies -State highway patrol -Texas Rangers County Agencies -Sheriff -County Police -Coroner or Medical Examiner

Local Agencies -Constable -Marshall -Municipal Police Overlap -five levels of government

Three Eras of Policing Political Era (1840-1930) -decentralized organization -intimate relationship with community -foot patrol -police corruption -Pendleton Act (can not fire or promote for political reasons)

Minorities -segregated and discriminated against Women -1883: First police officer: Marie Owen Wickersham Commission -Herbert Hoover -police brutality -called for higher professional standards

Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980) -crime control -centralized & efficient organization -professional remoteness from community -motorized patrol -emphasized importance of college educated officers.

Women and Minorities -Griggs v. Duke Power Company -Equal Employment Opportunity Act Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: -Questioned preventative Patrol

Community Era (1980-Present) -Community Support -Professionalism -Broad range of services -Problem solving approach -Proactive

Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice System Puritan Emphasis -Children were basically evil -Children who broke the law were dealt with severely -1820’s laws were passed to protect children from punishment associated with criminal law -New York’s House of Refuge

Juvenile Court -1st juvenile court: Cook County Illinois -Regulated treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delinquent children -purpose was to save the child