© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-1 Irwin/McGraw-Hill 16 C H A P T E R Accounting for State and Local Governments (Part One)

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-2 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Governmental Accounting Focuses on financial reporting for non-profit governmental agencies. Many concepts are similar to financial accounting, but terminology and procedures differ. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) generates standards. Focuses on financial reporting for non-profit governmental agencies. Many concepts are similar to financial accounting, but terminology and procedures differ. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) generates standards.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-3 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Governmental Accounting User Needs In Concepts Statement #1, GASB identified 3 basic groups of users of governmental accounting information: Citizenry Legislative and oversight bodies Investors and creditors In Concepts Statement #1, GASB identified 3 basic groups of users of governmental accounting information: Citizenry Legislative and oversight bodies Investors and creditors

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-4 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Accountability and Governmental Accounting Governmental Accounting Statements attempt to answer 3 questions related to accountability: Where did the financial resources come from? Where did the financial resources go? What amount of financial resources is presently held?

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-5 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Government-wide Financial Statements GASB Statement No. 34 Requires the production of two sets of statements: Fund-Based Financial Statements Reports all revenues and all costs of providing services each year and all resources available to the governmental unit. Shows restrictions on the use of resources and measures, in the short run, revenues and expenses from certain activities.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-6 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Reporting Diverse Governmental Activities - Fund Accounting Governmental units have many different types of activities. No common motivation links these activities. Therefore, each activity operates quasi-independent, self-balancing sets of accounts called funds. Governmental units have many different types of activities. No common motivation links these activities. Therefore, each activity operates quasi-independent, self-balancing sets of accounts called funds. Examples include: Public Safety Sanitation Health & Welfare Education Parks & Recreation Judicial System Water and Sewer Employee Pensions Examples include: Public Safety Sanitation Health & Welfare Education Parks & Recreation Judicial System Water and Sewer Employee Pensions

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-7 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Governmental Funds Accounting for activities related to serving the public. Proprietary Funds Accounting for business-type activities. Fiduciary Funds Accounting for financial resources held for others in a trustee capacity. Fund Accounting Classification All funds fall into one of three broad classifications.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-8 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund Accounting Classification Governmental Funds

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide 16-9 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund Accounting Classification Proprietary Funds

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund Accounting Classification Fiduciary Funds

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Understanding The Accounting Process

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Now, let’s look at an overview of the Fund- Based Statements.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund-Based Financial Statements Two separate statements are required: Balance Sheet & Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance Two separate statements are required: Balance Sheet & Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance Fund-Based statements include information on fiduciary funds.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund-Based Financial Statements These statements will differ from the Government- Wide financial statements for three reasons. 3  The proprietary funds are reported in a separate statement.  The current financial resources measurement basis is used.  The modified accrual accounting approach is used.  The proprietary funds are reported in a separate statement.  The current financial resources measurement basis is used.  The modified accrual accounting approach is used.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Balance Sheet - Example

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances - Example Continue

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances - Example

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Let’s look at an overview of the Government- Wide Statements.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Government-Wide Financial Statements Two separate statements are required: Statement of Net Assets & Statement of Activities Two separate statements are required: Statement of Net Assets & Statement of Activities The economic resources measurement focus requires reporting of ALL assets and liabilities.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Net Assets - Example Note that we keep the Governmental Activities separate from the Business- Type Activities.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Net Assets - Example Also note that this statement does not give information about Fiduciary Funds This is consistent with the economic resources management focus which only includes assets and liabilities that are available to use for governmental purposes.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Activities - Example The net for a given function is determined horizontally, while the totals for expenses and revenues are determined vertically.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Statement of Activities - Example The general revenues are shown separately at the bottom of the statement.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Let’s look at the accounting procedures for the Governmental Accounts for both the Fund-Based and Government-Wide Statements.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Recording Budgetary Entries Purposes of the budget, per the GASB: Expresses public policy. Serves as an expression of financial intent. Provides control by establishing spending limits. Offers a means of evaluating performance. Purposes of the budget, per the GASB: Expresses public policy. Serves as an expression of financial intent. Provides control by establishing spending limits. Offers a means of evaluating performance. Budget information for the General Fund and for each of the major Special Funds must be presented.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the Special Revenue Fund budget. For example, assume a town enacts a motel excise tax to promote tourism and conventions. For 2001, the tax is expected to generate $490,000 in Special Revenues. Of the total, $200,000 is designated for salaries, $30,000 for utilities, $80,000 for advertising, and $90,000 for supplies. Recording Budgetary Entries

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the General Fund budget. A city estimates all General Fund revenues for 2001 at $1,640,000. The budget calls for spending of $1,180,000. Transfers to other funds of $400,000 have also been approved. Recording Budgetary Entries

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Budget Encumbrance Actual Encumbrances In a governmental unit, purchase commitments and contracts are recorded, even though they may not yet represent liabilities. A recorded commitment or contract is called an “encumbrance”.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Encumbrances For Fund-Based Financial Statements:  An entry is required to record the encumbrance.  An entry is required when the bill is received. For Government-Wide Financial Statements:  No entry is required to record the encumbrance.  An entry is required when the bill is received.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Record the order in Drye Township’s books. Encumbrances Example Drye Township has budgeted office supplies for $180,000 for On May 15, Drye Township places an order for $16,000 office supplies with Ye Olde Office Supplies. Remember, this entry is only recorded for Fund-Based Financial Statements.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Record the receipt of the supplies in Drye Township’s books for the Fund- Based Statements. On May 17, the supplies are received with a bill for $15,680 (some of the items went on sale on May 16, and the city was given the sale price). Encumbrances Example This is the account title typically used in governmental accounting in place of Accounts Payable.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Record the receipt of the supplies in Drye Township’s books for the Government-Wide Statements. On May 17, the supplies are received with a bill for $15,680 (some of the items went on sale on May 16, and the city was given the sale price). Encumbrances Example Note that with the Government-Wide Financial Statements, no entry is necessary for the encumbrances used with the Fund-Based Statements.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Fund-Based Statements Fixed Assets While the expenditure for a fixed asset is usually recorded in the General Fund the fixed asset itself is recorded in the General Fixed Assets Account Group. Depreciation is not recorded in the governmental fund, since net income is not a concept relevant to governmental units. While the expenditure for a fixed asset is usually recorded in the General Fund the fixed asset itself is recorded in the General Fixed Assets Account Group. Depreciation is not recorded in the governmental fund, since net income is not a concept relevant to governmental units.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Government-Wide Statements Fixed Assets Historically, recording of fixed assets in the General Fixed Assets Account Group was optional. GASB Statement No. 34 requires a record of ALL capital assets in the Statement of Net Assets in the government-wide statements. Depreciation expense is recorded. Governments have 4 years to capitalize previously acquired assets. Historically, recording of fixed assets in the General Fixed Assets Account Group was optional. GASB Statement No. 34 requires a record of ALL capital assets in the Statement of Net Assets in the government-wide statements. Depreciation expense is recorded. Governments have 4 years to capitalize previously acquired assets.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Classifications  Derived Tax Revenues  Imposed Nonexchange Revenues  Government-mandated Nonexchange Transactions  Voluntary Nonexchange Transactions Classifications  Derived Tax Revenues  Imposed Nonexchange Revenues  Government-mandated Nonexchange Transactions  Voluntary Nonexchange Transactions Recognition of Revenues Nonexchange Transactions For Government- Wide Statements, record the revenues at the “time of eligibility”. For Fund-Based Statements, record the revenues when they become “available for recognition”.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the bonds for government-wide statements. Issuance of Bonds Government-Wide Financial Statements Increase the Cash and the Debt. Government-Wide Financial Statements Increase the Cash and the Debt. Fund-Based Financial Statements Increase Cash and Other Financing Sources. Fund-Based Financial Statements Increase Cash and Other Financing Sources. Drye Township issues $50,000 in bonds for new sidewalks.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the bonds for fund-based statements. Issuance of Bonds Government-Wide Financial Statements Increase the Cash and the Debt. Government-Wide Financial Statements Increase the Cash and the Debt. Fund-Based Financial Statements Increase Cash and Other Financing Sources. Fund-Based Financial Statements Increase Cash and Other Financing Sources. Drye Township issues $50,000 in bonds for new sidewalks.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the loan payment for government-wide statements. Payment of Long-Term Liabilities Government-Wide Financial Statements Record principle and interest as with GAAP. Government-Wide Financial Statements Record principle and interest as with GAAP. Fund-Based Financial Statements Record expenditures in the Debt Service Fund. Fund-Based Financial Statements Record expenditures in the Debt Service Fund. Drye Township makes a $10,000 payment on a loan that includes $1,000 in interest.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Prepare the journal entry to record the loan payment for fund-based statements. Payment of Long-Term Liabilities Government-Wide Financial Statements Record principle and interest as with GAAP. Government-Wide Financial Statements Record principle and interest as with GAAP. Fund-Based Financial Statements Record expenditures in the Debt Service Fund. Fund-Based Financial Statements Record expenditures in the Debt Service Fund. Drye Township makes a $10,000 payment on a loan that includes $1,000 in interest.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 Slide Irwin/McGraw-Hill Ms. Chairperson, what fund should we charge your Paris trip to? Since I voted for a balanced budget, let’s charge it to the Debt Service Fund. End of Chapter 16