APPLE GROUP Team “Apzuk” Sarah Fuhrman Shanel Cothran Casey Gellermann Pavel Melnik

Apple Seeds Started out in… -Kazakhstan, where seeds were spread -Led to European Crab Apples (Europe/Asia) 2 very unique characteristics… 1) Contain cyanide, very bitter (defense) 2) Genetic instructions form new trees that are unique from the parents

Reciprocal Relationship Apple benefits human -Gained propagation (new varieties) -Dispersion of their species to new habitats (spread of seeds) Human benefits apple -Gained food -Gained alcohol (cider)

Johnny Appleseed Exemplified reciprocal relationship Legendary “Orchardist” of Carried 16 bushels apple seeds down Ohio River -Planted enough trees to cover over 100,000 square miles

Land Grant Enforced A land grant in Northwest Territory specifically required a settler to set out (plant) at least 50 apple trees as a condition of his deed Chapman could be sure of a strong demand for his seedling, even if the yield was sour apples He was selling (needed in Ohio by law) and cheaply (desirable)

Reasons for Land Grant 1. To dampen real estate speculation by encouraging homesteaders to put down roots 2. Orchard was a mark of lasting settlement and comfort, since a standard apple tree normally requires 10 years to fruit

Benefits of Land Grant 1. Apple trees offered a visible proof that a pioneer had mastered the the primordial forest 2. Apples offered an American in Chapman ’ s time, sweetness, in the widest, oldest sense. Sensation of sweetness in the lives of most Americans came chiefly from flesh of apple fruit

Before Grafting Alcohol was the main reason apples were grown “Intoxicating harvest of drink”- Michael Pollan, the Botany of Desire In plants, fermentation converts glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Making Apples Palatable GRAFTING necessary Chinese discovered in 2- millennium BC What we use today Several different processes Involve simple tools- new tree, clippers, protective coats

How Grafting Works Can occur anywhere above ground Works best on durable trees Each process involves cutting and uniting Two trees to create similar fruit Multiple trees to create new fruit This is a side graft-

Apples Continue Thriving Over 2 million new cider apple trees have been planted since 1995 (to 2006) Apples are grown commercially in 36 states (Washington is a top producer at 58% of all apples produced in the United States in 2006) Apples are grown in all 50 states Apples harvested from an average tree can fill 20 boxes that weigh 42 pounds each

Works Cited Apple Orchard. (2008). Photo retrieved from Apple Tree on Oscar Island. (2006). Photo retrieved from Island.jpg Island.jpg Hertz, Leonard B. (2009) Grafting and budding fruit trees. University of Minnesota Extension. Information and photos retrieved from Karwath, A. (Photographer). (2007). Apple Seed. Photo retrieved from National Association of Cider Makers (2010). Interesting Facts. Information retrieved from Pollan, M. (2002). The Botany of Desire: Sweetness, Plant: The Apple, New York,: Random House Trade Paperbacks. Simon Rodberg. (2001). The original tree hugger. The story of John Chapman, an American hero who found his inspiration in a vision of beautiful apple trees. New York Times Book Review. Information retrieved from New York Times. Stevens, Patsy. (2008). Johnny Appleseed. Information retrieved from Unknown author. (2009). John Appleseed. Post card retrieved from Unknown author. John Chapman. Ohio History Central. Information retrieved from Warren, R. (photographer). (2007, October). Making Cider. Photo retrieved from