Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra University of Idaho

Outline Background Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals Justification Greenhouse seed meal extract study Background Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals Justification Greenhouse seed meal extract study

Research at UI Interdisciplinary research for obtaining EPA registration Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals (yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences Interdisciplinary research for obtaining EPA registration Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals (yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences

% of farmed acres in US certified organic

Number of organic acres farmed per state

Organic Farming Research Foundation,

Mustard Rapeseed Canola Broccoli Cauliflower Kale Mustard Rapeseed Canola Broccoli Cauliflower Kale Brassicaceae crops Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

Biological & Agricultural Engineering

28 – 40%

Glucosinolate > 120 Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho

Introduction Glucosinolates -enzymatically degrade into 2° compounds -water soluble anions Glucosinolates -enzymatically degrade into 2° compounds -water soluble anions + H 2 O Enzyme (myrosinase) Enzyme (myrosinase) Glucosinolate

Introduction – Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g) Ionic thiocyanate (SCNˉ) (~165 μ mol/g) – Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc. Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g) – Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g) Ionic thiocyanate (SCNˉ) (~165 μ mol/g) – Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc. Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)

Justification and Objectives Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool

Extraction Experiment

Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments: -water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) - dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE - extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST - extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments: -water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) - dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE - extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST - extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST Materials and Methods

‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments Materials and Methods 2 lf stage for POST treatments

Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce and wheat biomass SAS version 9.1 SAS version 9.1 -Non-linear regression techniques Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce and wheat biomass SAS version 9.1 SAS version 9.1 -Non-linear regression techniques Materials and Methods

Exponential regression model for biomass analysis Y = A*exp(-B*rate) A - intercept -biomass at a dose = 0 B - rate of change -slope of line between seed meal and seed meal extract doses Y = A*exp(-B*rate) A - intercept -biomass at a dose = 0 B - rate of change -slope of line between seed meal and seed meal extract doses

Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

Spinning! Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

Extract Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

Extract Yellow mustard seed meal extraction

Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control

Extract plus OS Water alone; 3 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus NIS Seed meal alone

GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot TreatmentGR mt/ha Dry Seed Meal (PRE)15.5 Dry Seed Meal (POST)8.5 Extract7.5 Extract plus NIS6 Extract plus OS2.5

Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

Seed meal alone Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS

GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters TreatmentGR mt/ha Dry Seed Meal (PRE)0.7 Dry Seed Meal (POST)2 Extract1.5 Extract plus NIS0.3 Extract plus OS0.5

Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

Water alone; 2 mt/ha; 14 DAT Seed meal alone Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS

GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce TreatmentGR mt/ha Dry Seed Meal (PRE)16 Dry Seed Meal (POST)4 Extract3.5 Extract plus NIS1.2 Extract plus OS1.4

Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha Biomass, % of average control Extract plus synthetic surfactant Extract plus organic surfactant Extract alone Dry seed meal pre - emergence Dry Seed meal post - emergence

Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT Extract plus OSExtract plus NIS Seed meal alone

GR 50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat TreatmentGR mt/ha Dry Seed Meal (PRE)4.4 Dry Seed Meal (POST)12.4 Extract6.4 Extract plus NIS1.8 Extract plus OS2.1

Summary Carrot Common lambsquarters Lettuce Spring wheat Treatment GR50, mt/ha Dry Seed Meal (PRE) Dry Seed Meal (POST) Extract Extract plus NIS Extract plus OS

SummarySummary The University of Idaho is continuing to explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and other uses.

Acknowledgements Dr. Thill Dr. Morra Dr. Price Vladimir Borek USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants Program Dr. Thill Dr. Morra Dr. Price Vladimir Borek USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI) Competitive Grants Program

Questions