Dinoflagellates Trinidad. What are the conditions like in the deep sea? Physical: Biological: What are food sources for animals that live in the deep.

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Presentation transcript:

Dinoflagellates Trinidad

What are the conditions like in the deep sea? Physical: Biological: What are food sources for animals that live in the deep sea?

200 m 0 m 1000 m 2000 m 4000 m 6000 m dysphotic photic aphotic

Light Penetration in the Ocean Depth in meters 50 m 100m 150 m 200 m

0 m 1000 m 2000 m 4000 m 6000 m dysphotic photic aphotic What color of light will animals use?

Types of light production: 1.incandescence – light bulb 2.luminescence- fluorescence bulb What is the difference between these types of light? Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

Give examples of organisms that are bioluminescent?

Evolution of Bioluminescence Fossilized bacteria 3.5 bya O 2 is toxic to some bacteria Convert O 2 to a nontoxic substance Light is a byproduct Benefit to some organisms

luciferase Luciferin + O 2 oxyluciferin + light Bioluminescence: Not found in freshwater organisms.

Bacterial Intrinsic Photobacterium

Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship) Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the rest (17) make their own) Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship) Bacteria Vibrio fischeri

(bacterial) Light emitting organ

How do they get bacteria? organ open to exterior potentially continuous luminescence

Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular) Bacterial Symbiont

Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria Bacterial photophores

Bacterial Photophores in Fish Ichthyococcus Anglerfish Pinecone fish flashlightfish ponyfish

Intrinsic photophores

Control of Bioluminescence Lid Vascular control Rotation of organ

What are the benefits & drawbacks of using bioluminescence?

Reproductive advantage Countershading Escape and avoid predation Species recognition Feeding In evolution

Hatchetfish

Some deep sea copepods are red in color. Why?

Malacosteus (dragonfish)

squids- looking for mates.

Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

Duncecap or helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla

Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis

Brittle Star, Ophiroidia

Ctenophore Dinoflagellate ostracod

pterapods

Coconut octopus Amphioctopus marginatus

Polychaete Tomopteris

Firefly squid

Deep sea glass squid Teuthowenia pellucida

Deep sea gulper Photophores on ventral surface

Deep sea viper fish

Black Devil Angler Fish lure

angler fish

Inquiry 1.Define bioluminescence. 2.Who produces bioluminescence? 3.What is the difference between intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence? 4.What is the blink and run method? 5.What is countershading? 6.What is the evolutionary advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?

7.What color is most common and why? 8. What advantages are there to producing red light? 9. How do fish control luminescence? 10. What triggers luminescence in dinoflagellates? 11. What are luciferin and luciferase?