HARDWORKING KOREANS: educational & sociocultural factors 알렉산드라 Alexandra 엘리사 Elisabeth 유카 Jyka

CONTENT I.Introduction II.Education & Training III.Sociocultural Characteristics

INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY PRIOR KNOWLEDGE BASE INTENSITY OF EFFORT

INTRODUCTION TWO MAIN QUESTIONS: How have Koreans acquired knowledge so quickly? Why have Koreans worked so hard?

EDUCATION & TRAINING: key points General Education Vocational Training Tertiary Education U.S. Influence and Study Abroad

GENERAL EDUCATION 1. GROWTH OF GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT ,5% 1966 – 17%

GENERAL EDUCATION 2. ENROLLMENT SYSTEM HAS INCREASED RAPIDLY % 1994 – 99%

GENERAL EDUCATION 3. UNIQUE FEATURE: expansion in all levels of education = economic development

GENERAL EDUCATION NUMBER OF HIGH STUDENTS 1953 – 160, – 2 million

VOCATIONAL TRAINING 1.Establishment of vocational secondary school by large private firms

VOCATIONAL TRAINING 2. Vocational Training Laws (1966, 1974)

TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements UNIVERSITY ENROLLMENT , – 1,15 million

TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements ENROLLMENT AT JUNIOR COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1953 – 3,1% 1994 – 48,8%

TERTIARY EDUCATION: achievements THE NUMBER OF R&D SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS , – 98,764

TERTIARY EDUCATION: drawbacks 1.A short-term unemployment 2.Low quality of education 3.Underinvestment at all educational levels since 1970

U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD Key points: Military service Overseas training

U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD The main drawback of overseas training: The refusal of overseas graduates to return home

U.S. INFLUENCE AND STUDY ABROAD Measures taken: Establishment of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Challenging jobs and attractive compensation packages The “Brain Pool”

SOCIOCULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS: KEY POINTS Neo-Confucianism Situational Factors Labor Unrest

NEO-CONFUCIANISM Five traditional values of Confucianism: absolute loyalty to the ruler the submission of wife to husband strict seniority in social order mutual trust in human relations filial piety and respect

NEO-CONFUCIANISM THE NEW CONFUCIAN ETHNICS

NEO-CONFUCIANISM 1.Education is of vital importance 2.Clan 3.Harmonious interpersonal relations 4.The pursuit of the highest good 5.Discipline

SITUATIONAL FACTORS Hardworking Koreans at the individual level: -Tenacity to endure hardship -“Han” -“Examination hell” -Korea’s physical environment -A sense of “beat Japan” -Memories of Japanese occupation

SITUATIONAL FACTORS Hardworking Koreans at the individual level Entrepreneurship Discipline at the organizational level Mobility & networking at the societal level Nationalism at the country level

LABOR UNREST nowadays

Thank you for attention.