GM FISH AND THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS Emma Issatt

AquAdvantage® salmon from Aqua Bounty Technologies

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000 scientifically sound taking into account recognized risk assessment techniques to identify and evaluate the possible adverse effects of living modified organisms on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health. Article 15 RISK ASSESSMENT

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000 regulate, manage and control risks identified in the risk assessment provisions of this Protocol associated with the use, handling and transboundary movement of living modified organisms. Article 16 RISK MANAGEMENT

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000 Risk assessment should be carried out in a scientifically sound and transparent manner, and can take into account expert advice of, and guidelines developed by, relevant international organizations. Lack of scientific knowledge or scientific consensus should not necessarily be interpreted as indicating a particular level of risk, an absence of risk, or an acceptable risk. Annex III RISK ASSESSMENT General principles 3, 4.

Background to Risk Assessment 1962 “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson 1969 US NEPA -> EIS 1970 US Occupational Health & Safety Admin “Limits to Growth” 1973 UK Ecology Party 1974 UK Health & Safety Commission -> – COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health)

Common Properties of Risk Assessment Process IDENTIFICATION ESTIMATION EVALUATION | Risk Cost Benefit Analysis Social Preferences I & II Comparison

Limitations to Risk Assessment Subjective Error Deviations Type I & Type II errors Type of Error What is it? False premise Who bears the burden of the error? Type IFalse -ive GM fish not safe in open water Industry Type IIFalse +iveGM fish safe in open water Society/Environment

Limitations to Risk Assessment Subjective Error Deviations Type I & Type II errors Human error Bias values Guesswork Fraud

Risk Assessment and Uncertainty Complex system Linear thinking v diffuse effects Beck on 3 ways that R A fails new technologies Bayesian principles of risk evaluation

“The public are idiots” Governmental faith in science DAD- ‘decide, announce, defend’ The public need to be persuaded EC ‘Life Sciences & Biotechnology- a Strategy for Europe’ 2002 Arrogance Probabilistic Strategy Public’s rational fear

“Governments are idiots” Public mistrust PABE- ‘Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe’ Wynne, Lancaster University, UK

“Governments are idiots” Public mistrust PABE Stakeholder myths Eurobarometer Wynne- dictatorial nature of scientists Collins & Pinch on the public understanders C&P on those who venerate science

Risk Assessment and Judicial Review Jasanoff: Science Policy Paradigm Deference- Ethyl Corp v EPA at appeal: [If legislation allows regulator the] flexibility to assess risks and make essentially legislative policy judgments, as we believe it does, preventive regulation based on conflicting and inconclusive evidence may be sustained.” “The Administrator may apply his expertise to draw conclusions from suspected, but not completely substantiated, relationships between facts, from trends among facts, from theoretical projections from imperfect data, from probative preliminary data not yet certifiable as "fact," and the like.”

Risk Assessment and Judicial Review Jasanoff: Science Policy Paradigm Deference ‘Hard look’ doctrine

Ethical Considerations in RA Transfer of risk Consent to risk

Risk Assessment of GM fish Life Cycle Assessment of GM Medaka fish

Risk Assessment of GM fish Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms Volume 3 Methodologies for Transgenic Fish ed. Kapuscinski et al “Risk assessment should involve all interested and affected parties (the stakeholders), incorporating their perspectives and knowledge, to ensure that the process produces a socially, as well as scientifically acceptable, outcome.” “Stakeholder participation can enhance legitimacy and public trust of the risk assessment conclusions and improve the quality of the assessment. This is because people with diverse experiences can provide information and insights that a technically oriented team of scientists and risk analysts simply cannot have.” p.273 ‘Major messages from the book’

GMO ERA PROJECT “a pioneering initiative driven by public sector scientists to develop tools to support environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). “The overarching goal of PFOA is to provide multi-stakeholder deliberation about a GMO technology in relation to other future alternatives. A PFOA interacts with traditional ERA processes and builds upon them to make the overall consideration of the GMO more inclusive and robust. Accordingly, a PFOA serves the additional goals of informing the science of the ERA, assisting in improving the science, and allowing the ERA science to accurately inform multi-stakeholder deliberation.”

Problem Formulation and Options Assessment (PFOA) 1 Problem Formulation 2 Prioritization & Scale of Problem 3 Problem Statement 4 Recommendation to Move Forward 5 Option Identification 6 Assessment in Relation to the Technology and the Problem 7 Changes Required and Anticipated 8 Adverse Effects 9 Recommendation

Malaysia PFOA Workshop on Transgenic Fish: Representatives from Chile, China, Cuba, and Thailand “it provides a systematic way to integrate scientific evidence and public interests… Participants often adapt their views as their understanding of the issues deepens… Because information used in a PFOA needs to be presented in terms that are broadly understood, it is also relatively easy to link the PFOA to a broader education effort to help the public understand the significance of risk assessment and biosafety.” PFOA Handbook

The End Thank you!