Thoughts on Sensing Systems and Workshop Overview Stephen B. Wicker

The Sensor Revolution 1990’s - DARPA/ISAT study on sensor networking technology – Emphasis on bio agents – 1000 lb. sensors the size of refrigerators – Significant human interface… – Intel develops/takes over iMotes – NSF SENSOR program – NSF Nets NOSS program – etc…

Stage 1 - Sensor Networking Technology Driving Applications – Protecting urban infrastructure (ultra long lifetime) – Disaster response (rapid deployment) – Home environment (?) Vision: Large numbers of tiny sensors embedded/distributed at random. – Autonomous – Self-configuring – Low-Power – Highly redundant

Low-Power: Sensor Platform Technologies - SNAP Sensor Network Asynchronous Processor Event Driven Execution – Default state of the processor: waiting; ideal for sensor platform – No switching activity in this state – No dynamic power dissipation – Wake up triggered by event arrival Clockless logic – Spurious signal transitions (wasted power) eliminated – Hardware only active if it is used for the computation Prof. Rajit Manohar, ECE ProcessorBusYearE/opOps/sec Atmel8200?1-4 nJ4 MIPS StrongARM32200?1.9 nJ130 MIPS MiniMIPS nJ*22 MIPS Amulet3i nJ*80 MIPS 80C51 (P) nJ**4 MIPS Lutonium pJ4 MIPS SNAP pJ28 MIPS

Self-Configuration: Mechanism Design Motivations: efficiency and scalability – Efficiency: ability of market-based distributed control mechanisms to move complex networks toward optimal operating points. – Scalability:distributed decision-making inherent in market settings. Interaction and decisions are local, obviating the need for a global perspective (which is both memory- and computationally-intensive). Critical Tools: Equilibrium concepts, utility-based decision making, and bargaining. Wicker (ECE), Tardos and Halpern (CS), Blume and Easley (Economics)

Competing for Resources Set of transmitters N Common wireless channel Set of receivers

Fundamental Results to date Networks with selfish nodes have stable operating points. Nash equilibria of the one-shot random access game have been completely characterized. – All optimal solutions are supported by a game theoretic solution. Convergence rate of asymptotic packet arrival distribution has been characterized. Convergence rate of asymptotic channel throughput has been characterized.

Stage 2 - Research in Sensing Systems Mission-Level Decision Making Critical Variables Sensed Environment syntax semantics Application Driven Technology Driven Research Context

Our Resources: Network Technology, Theory, and Science at Cornell Cornell Expertise in Technology, Theory, and Science – Sensor Technologies – Novel Power Sources – Ultra Low-Power Sensor Platforms – Sensor-Specific MAC Technologies – Advanced Reachback Technologies – Infrastructure Integration and Protection – Mechanism Design and Self-Configuration – Information-Theoretic Networking and Coverage Models – Advanced Operating Systems – Software Tools/Reporting Mechanisms – Security and Information Assurance – Societal Impact of Ubiquitous Sensing in the Public Arena – Privacy Issues Novel work often lies in horizontal and vertical integration - research at the seams.

The Workshop 12:30 – 12:50Stephen Wicker – Models for Research in Sensed Systems 12:50 – 1:10Phoebe Sengers - Co-Interpreting Sensor Networks 1:10 – 1:30Lang Tong - Application Specific Sensor Networks 1:30 – 1:50Geri Gay - Tools for Enhancing Social Navigation in Public Spaces 1:50 – 2:10Kirsten Boehner - Opening the Frame of the Art Museum: Technology Between Art and Tool 2:10 – 2:30Tom O’Rourke - Resilience in Critical Infrastructure Networks 2:30 – 2:50Break (buffer time) 2:50 – 3:10Sergio Servetto - The Wave Field Synthesis Problem 3:10 – 3:30Jim Turner - Overview of sensor types for different agents 3:30 – 3:50Tad Kaburaki - Lipid Bilayer Sensors (Fabrication) 3:50 – 4:10Mary-Rose Burnham - Lipid Bilayer Sensors (Measurements) 4:10 – 4:30Mike Spencer - SiC Based Betavoltaic radioisotope micro-batteries 4:30 – 5:00Planning session - Thoughts on proposal strategies