Bryophytes – mosses, liverworts & hornworts Evolutionary innovation – waxy cuticle

Seedless Vascular plants – lychophytes, horsetails & ferns

Fern Lifecycle

Modified Leaves

Figure 20.9 Leaf Structure

Figure 20.4 Angiosperms – flowering plants

Figure 20.12

Figure 20.13

Figure 20.04

Figure 21.11

Choanoflagellates

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

Fig. 22-6a, p.357

Fig. 22-6b, p.357

Fig. 22-6c, p.357 section through body wall: glasslike structural elements amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix flattened surface cells collar cell with a central flagellum ringed by microvilli

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

p.352a

Fig. 22-7, p.358 lid capsule's trigger (modified cilium) barbed thread in capsule barbs on discharged thread exposed nematocyst (capsule at free surface of epidermal cell)

Fig. 22-8a, p.358 outer epithelium (epidermis) mesoglea (matrix) inner epithelium (gastrodermis)

Fig. 22-8c, p.358 mesoglea- filled bell tentacles

Fig. 22-8d, p.358

Fig. 22-9, p.359 reproductive polyp female medusamale medusa ovum sperm zygote planula polyp forming branching one branch from a mature colony feeding polyp

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

Fig. 22-3a, p.355 epidermis gut cavity organs packed between gut and body wall No coelom (acoelomate animals)

Fig , p.360 pharynx (protruded) protonephridia brain nerve cord genital pore oviduct testisovary penis flame cell nucleus cilia fluid filters through membrane folds flame cell opening of tubule at body surface

a Larvae, each with inverted scolex of future tapeworm, become encysted in intermediate host tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle) b A human, a definitive host, eats infected, undercooked beef (mainly skeletal muscle) proglottids c Each sexually mature proglottid has female and male organs. Ripe proglottids containing fertilized eggs leave host in feces, which may contaminate water and vegetation. d Inside each fertilized egg, an embryonic, larval form develops. Cattle may ingest embryonated eggs or ripe proglottids, and so become intermediate hosts Fig , p.361 scolex

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

Fig c, p.362

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

Fig. 22-3b, p.355 epidermis gut cavity unlined body cavity around gut Pseudocoel (pseudocoelomate animals)

Fig. 22-5, p.356 spongescnidariansechinodermsflatwormsannelidsmollusksroundwormsarthropodschordates multicelled body radial ancestry, two germ layers true tissues coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore

Echinodermata

Figure 19.26

Fig. 22-3c, p.355 epidermis gut cavity peritoneum body cavity with lining that holds internal organs in place Coelom (coelomate animals)