MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC-UTH Routine Aircraft Measurements of Water Vapor in a Global Observing System: The Link.

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Presentation transcript:

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC-UTH Routine Aircraft Measurements of Water Vapor in a Global Observing System: The Link Between Surface and Space Herman G.J. Smit

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Five Passenger A340-aircraft, operated by 3 European Airlines on scheduled flights Quasi continuous sampling between 0 and 12 km altitude 2,000 Flights per year; 250,000 hours of O 3 and H 2 O data since August 1994 CO and NO Y since 2001 MOZAIC : Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft Passenger Aircraft as Observation Platform for Atmospheric Research

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Importance of Water Vapor in Climate and Future Changes Water Vapor Plays Key Role in Climate and Future Changes Engine of atmospheric dynamics Most prominent greenhouse gas Strong interaction with clouds & aerosols Crucial in climate research: Processes govern UTH Feedback of H 2 O in UT Urgent need for accurate climatologies of UTH with global coverage IPCC-Reports 1990‘s and 2001: Doubling CO 2 -concentration 2-5 o C Temperature increase  1/3-part: direct via CO 2  2/3-part: via positive feedback of H 2 O (vapor+clouds)

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC: Humidity Sampling

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC-Humidity Device: Pre-&Post Flight Calibration  Regular calibration (every 500 flight hours)  In environmental simulation chamber  Against Lyman(  )-fluorescence hygrometer  Under realistic flight conditions of humidity, temperature and pressure  Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations  Results agree well with in-flight intercomparisons [Helten et al. Geophys.Res.1998, 1999] In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC Relative Humidity in Upper Troposphere (UT) over Atlantic MOZAIC provided the first climatology of humidity in the UT Large variability in time and space More than 30% of UTH-data are Ice Super Saturated (ISS) But less than 0.5-1% of data are Saturated to Liquid %  Control of Humidity in UT??  Long Term Changes ??

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Performance MOZAIC Humidity Device in Clouds Evaporation of Ice Crystals ??????? Clouds are clearly detected as „RHI-burst“ to 200% by the Lyman (  )-Total H 2 O In clouds the MOZAIC-Humidity Device not exceeding 100% RHI

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Small scale phenomenon (  X < 200 km,  Z < 1-2 km) Difficult to see by satellites Importance: contrail & cirrus formation; radiative balance; OH formation 30% of the UT shows ice super saturation (ISS) Global models do not reproduce ISS ISS relates with sub-visible cirrus Horizontal extent of ISS regions MOZAIC: Ice Super Saturation (ISS) in the UT

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC: Distribution Relative Humidity in UT over Atlantic Z = 9-12 km, PV  2.0pvu, 10 o W-70 o W, Aug June 2000  38% ISS  15% ISS  22% ISS

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 How Dry Are The Tropics ? Global Distribution of OLR (Outgoing Longwave Radiation) Clear Sky High Level Clouds o Less than 1/3 of the Tropics is in active convection o More than 2/3 is subject to subsidence

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Evolution of vertical relative humidity profile under cloudless conditions and subject to diabatic subsidence (left diagram), and corresponding evolution of the radiative cooling profile (right diagram). Source: Mapes et al., Quart. J. Roy. Met.Soc., 2002 How fast can saturated Tropics getting dry under clear sky conditions??

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 OLR calculated as function of RH (over vertical column: hPa) >>>>>> Δ OLR / Δ RH = 0.7 W/m2 per percentage RH (Note: CO 2 x2 = 4 W/m2) Source: High Sensitivity of OLR at Low Humidities

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006  Near cloud: PDF of RHI is uni-modal: > 60% ice super saturated (ISS)  Cb-Outflow: Development of bi-modal PDF of RHI  Dry branch: Fast drying within one day from 70-90% RHI down to 40-50% RHI :: Clear sky subsidence  Wet branch: ISS remains (slope PDF of % RHI still same even after 2 days downwards of flow: Uplifting ??? MOZAIC: UTH in outflow of Cb-Convection

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July AIRS - MOZAIC RH (liq.%) 50 RH (liq.%) MOZAIC 0 AIRS MOZAIC- UTH: Comparison with AIRS-Satellite over 2003 (Work by Co PI: Andrew Gettelman, NCAR, Boulder, USA)

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006

Technical Concept IAGOS

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Time Table for IAGOS-ERI 4/2008IAGOS Design Study completed, - Prototypes available, - Partner airlines committed 2008First aircraft equipped and commissioned: O 3, CO, H 2 O, CDP, NO y 2009Certification for CO 2 and aerosol aircraft equipped and commissioned years of data available ~ flights Coordinator: Dr. Andreas Volz-Thomas

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 Extra Material

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC: Automated Instruments to sample O 3, H 2 O, CO & NO Y Instrumentation in Avionic Bay below the cockpit O3/CO/H2O/NOy/DAS Inlet tubes On the Aircraft Fuselage

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 „Upper Tropopsheric Humidity (UTH) and its Control“  Hydrological Cycle:  Source : Evaporation at surface  Sink: Rain/Snow  UTH-Balance:  Source: Moist convection  Removal: Subsidence Sedimentation of ice crystals Injection (gas+ice) into LS  Key Open Questions in Control UTH:  Thermodynamic: Clausius- Clapeyron (T)  Dynamic: Atmospheric Motions Radiative Interaction of H 2 O (Vapor & Clouds) ITCZ SST Example of a dilemma in climate research: Why SST does not exceed 302.5K ? What is the role of H 2 O?

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 State of the Art:  Urgent need for accurate climatologies of H 2 O in the UT/LS  Radiosoundings: H 2 O not reliable above 5 km altitude  Satellites: limited vertical or horizontal resolution, limited performance in case of clouds  Only accurate measurements from scientific ballooning or aircraft campaigns: very limited in space and time „Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH) and its Control“ Lack of Measurements

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC: Humidity Sensor in Rosemount Air Inlet System TAT, RH D SAT RH S Rosemount Housing Total Temperature Model 102 BX In inlet speed reduction (Mach  0.8 to 0) with adiabatic conversion: -- Heating (SAT to TAT) : in UT  30 o C -- Compression (P S to P D ): in UT  Factor 1.6 RH at detector (RH D ) << RH sampled air (RH S ) -- At cruise altitude RH S  13 X RH D

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006

MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with MLS/UARS Satellite  MLS observe no ice super saturation (retrieval and/or limited horizontal resolution)  MLS lower than MOZAIC (Slope=0.64)  Large variations due to  Atmospheric variability &  Limited resolution of POEM (  Z=4-5 km) Source: Read et al., UARS Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric humidity measurement: Method and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 2001 Coincidence criterion: 1º x 1º x 1 km x 3 h Total: 384 Coincidences Aug.1994-Dec.1997

MOZAIC-UTH Herman Smit/FZJ NDACC-H2O Bern 5-7 July 2006 MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with POEM III Satellite  POEM III= Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III satellite operational since April 1998  Good agreement POEM with MOZAIC (Slope=0.98)  Large variations due to  Atmospheric variability &  Limited resolution of POEM (  X=250 km) Source: Nedoluha et al., POAM III measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower most stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2002 Coincidence criterion: 2.5º x 2.5º x 1 km x 6 h Total: 200 Coincidences April 1998-Feb.2000 Slope = 0.98 (r=0.70) Offset= 3.6 ppmv POEM-UTH (ppmv) MOZAIC-UTH (ppmv)