BIOCHEMISTRY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS CARBON OXYGEN PHOSPHOROUS HYDROGEN NITROGEN SULFUR “CHNOPS”, Essential Elements A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE * H2O and CO2 are inorganic molecules

Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules CO2 water lipid protein most important inorganic compound in living things nucleic acid most cellular processes take place in water solutions ORGANIC MOLECULES lipid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein INORGANIC MOLECULES CO2 water: most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solution excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) carbohydrate excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water)

The Nature of Matter ATOM is the basic unit of matter “unable to be cut” Subatomic particles are the neutrons (no charge), electrons (- charge), protons (+ charge). Compound- chemical combination of two or more elements Element- pure substance made of one type of atom (periodic table)

WATER Characteristics: ¾ of the earth is water, water expands as it freezes, ice is less dense that liquid H2O (floats), Polarity: A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms so…… it acts like a magnet Hydrogen bonds: attraction between the H atom and the O atom; weak bonds Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance (forms beads on surfaces, insects on H20 surfaces) Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances (capillary action, meniscus)

THERE ARE 4 BASIC CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS: (BIOCHEMICAL MOLECULES) 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 3. PROTEINS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS

CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS: MONOSACCHARIDES (SINGLE SUGARS) INCLUDES SUGARS, STARCHES, AND CELLULOSE PROVIDES short term ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS 4 calories/gram SUGARS: MONOSACCHARIDES (SINGLE SUGARS) DISACCHARIDES (DOUBLE SUGARS) MAY BE LINKED TOGETHER TO FORM POLYSACCHARIDES (MANY SUGARS) PLANTS STORE ENERGY IN POLYSACCHARIDE - STARCH ANIMALS STORE ENERGY IN POLYSACCHARIDE-GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE – A polysaccharide in the cell walls of plants PLANTS – JOIN SIMPLE SUGARS TOGETHER TO MAKE - CELLULOSE CELLULOSE – A polysaccharide in the cell walls of plants Cellulose we eat comes from vegetables, fruits, whole grain breads and cereals Your body CANNOT break down, no nutritional value (fiber)

LIPIDS FATS - ACT AS INSULATORS WAXES - HELP PLANTS CONSERVE WATER INCLUDES FATS, OILS, WAXES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND STERIODS. Energy= 9 calories/gram FATS - ACT AS INSULATORS WAXES - HELP PLANTS CONSERVE WATER OILS - MAKE SOME BIRDS FEATHERS WATERPROOF PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE STEROIDS– HORMONES THAT AFFECT CELL ACTIVITY *Non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water

LIPIDS A concentrated source of energy Store other nutrients, such as Vitamin A Protect vital organs Help keep our skin from drying out Insulate the body against changes in environmental temperature *The body uses lipids to make cell membranes, hormones and the oils in your skin and hair

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape Lipids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids C H O C H O C H O LIPIDS made up of glycerol (boxes the glycerol portion of the molecule) and fatty acids (boxes the fatty acids portions of the molecule) Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape (highlights the “E” shape)

LIPIDS Saturated fats: have no double bonds between the carbons and contain max number of hydrogen atoms -usually solid at room temperature, most come from animal products Unsaturated fats: fats with double bonds -most are liquid at room temperature, come from plants (usually referred to as oils) *Monounsaturated – one double bond *Polyunsaturated – many double bonds

PROTEINS COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES CALLED AMINO ACIDS CONTAIN NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN & OXYGEN MAKE UP MORE THAN HALF THE DRY WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS

PROTEINS Provide body with materials needed for growth and repair Builds muscles, skin and blood Complete: contain all 8 essential a.a. (food that comes from animals) Incomplete: lack some of the essential a.a. (food that comes from plants)

PROTEINS Include: enzymes that promote chemical reactions structural functions such as collagen in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones proteins found in muscles and hair antibodies – fight infection by killing bacteria Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in blood

NUCLEIC ACIDS LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A 2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES R N A –uses information from DNA to tell the ribosomes what proteins to make.

NucleicAcids Made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, a phosphate, and a Nitrogen base Includes: *Adenine *Thymine *Guanine *Cytosine sugar phosphate nitrogen base

Monomers (subunits) Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides (sugars) Proteins- Amino Acids Lipids- Glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic acids- Nucleotides