Geographic Information Systems

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
GG3019/GG4027/GG5019 An Introduction to
Advertisements

The Role of Error Map and attribute data errors are the data producer's responsibility, GIS user must understand error. Accuracy and precision of map and.
Geographic Information Systems GIS Data Models. 1. Components of Geographic Data Spatial locations Attributes Topology Time.
Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Dr. Roy Cole Department of geography and Planning GVSU.
WFM 6202: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Management © Dr. Akm Saiful IslamDr. Akm Saiful Islam WFM 6202: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Management Akm.
GIS for Environmental Science
Raster Based GIS Analysis
School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia
Introduction to Cartography GEOG 2016 E
Border around project area Everything else is hardly noticeable… but it’s there Big circles… and semi- transparent Color distinction is clear.
West Hills College Farm of the Future. West Hills College Farm of the Future Where are you NOW?! Precision Agriculture – Lesson 3.
Cartographic and GIS Data Structures
Department of Geography University of Portsmouth Fundamentals of GIS: What is GIS? Dr. Ian Gregory, Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth.
Geographic Information Systems
Geographic Information Systems. What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)? A GIS is a particular form of Information System applied to geographical.
GIS 200 Introduction to GIS Buildings. Poly Streams, Line Wells, Point Roads, Line Zoning,Poly MAP SHEETS.
Geographic Information Systems : Data Types, Sources and the ArcView Program.
NPS Introduction to GIS: Lecture 1
1 Spatial Databases as Models of Reality Geog 495: GIS database design Reading: NCGIA CC ’90 Unit #10.
Where we are going today… GPS GPS GIS GIS Hey, there are exams next week. Oct. 4 th and 6 th. Powerpoints now online. Hey, there.
1 CIS / Introduction to Business GIS Winter 2005 Lecture 2 Dr. David Gadish.
DATA MANAGEMENT: SPATIAL COMPONENT. RASTER AND VECTOR FORMATS RASTER : Grid-based, Simplify reality VECTOR : Analog map, Cartography.
GIS DATA AND SOURCES. Building Topography Land use Utility Soil Type Roads District Land Parcels Nature of Geography Objects.
GI Systems and Science January 23, Points to Cover  What is spatial data modeling?  Entity definition  Topology  Spatial data models Raster.
Geographical Information System GIS By: Yahia Dahash.
Prepared by Abzamiyeva Laura Candidate of the department of KKGU named after Al-Farabi Kizilorda, Kazakstan 2012.
Spatial data Visualization spatial data Ruslan Bobov
©2005 Austin Troy. All rights reserved Lecture 3: Introduction to GIS Understanding Spatial Data Structures by Austin Troy, Leslie Morrissey, & Ernie Buford,
Spatial data models (types)
ESRI GIS Software. Contents Data Types –ESRI Data Model –Shapefiles –Raster Data Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle Digital Elevation Model Digital Raster.
CORSE '07 Spatial Data Spatial data comes in many forms. So How does a GIS work with the data so that it can put the data in the right place on a map?
Map Scale, Resolution and Data Models. Components of a GIS Map Maps can be displayed at various scales –Scale - the relationship between the size of features.
Introduction to Rasters In ArcGIS 9.2. What can you do with Rasters Lots….
Coordinate Systems Global Coordinate System – Latitude, Longitude and elevation UTM – eastings and northings, reference points are the equator and the.
BY:- RAVI MALKAT HARSH JAIN JATIN ARORA CIVIL -2 ND YEAR.
Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Civil Engineering Department Geographic Information Systems Vector and Raster Data Models Lecture 3 Week.
Presented by Rehana Jamal (GIS Expert & Geographer) Dated: Advance Applications of RS/GIS in Geo-Environmental Conservation Subject Lecture# 9&10.
Major parts of ArcGIS ArcView -Basic mapping, editing and Analysis tools ArcEditor -all of ArcView plus Adds ability to deal with topological and network.
GIS Data Structure: an Introduction
8. Geographic Data Modeling. Outline Definitions Data models / modeling GIS data models – Topology.
How do we represent the world in a GIS database?
Support the spread of “good practice” in generating, managing, analysing and communicating spatial information Introduction to GIS for the Purpose of Practising.
Raster Data Model.
Cartographic and GIS Data Structures Dr. Ahmad BinTouq URL:
May 4 th (4:00pm) Multiple choice (50 points) Short answer (50 points)
Support the spread of “good practice” in generating, managing, analysing and communicating spatial information Introduction to GIS for the Purpose of Practising.
GEOG 2007A An Introduction to Geographic Information SystemsFall, 2004 C. Earl A model is a ‘synthesis of data’ + information about how the data interact.
Raster data models Rasters can be different types of tesselations SquaresTrianglesHexagons Regular tesselations.
1 Spatial Data Models and Structure. 2 Part 1: Basic Geographic Concepts Real world -> Digital Environment –GIS data represent a simplified view of physical.
GIS Data Structures How do we represent the world in a GIS database?
GIS Data Types. GIS technology utilizes two basic types of data 1. Spatial Data Describes the absolute and relative location of geographic features.
A Quick Introduction to GIS
What is GIS? GIS is an integrated system used to view and manage information about geographic places, analyze spatial relationships, and model spatial.
INTRODUCTION TO GIS  Used to describe computer facilities which are used to handle data referenced to the spatial domain.  Has the ability to inter-
Integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) into your Curriculum Teaching American History Meg Merrick & Heather Kaplinger Year 2 GIS Inservices.
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
Review.
Spatial Data Models Geography is concerned with many aspects of our environment. From a GIS perspective, we can identify two aspects which are of particular.
Today: Cartographic Basics –Map scale, datums, projections, coordinate systems Goals of Map Use Raster and Vector Lab Two – Google Earth / El Paso County.
UNIT 3 – MODULE 3: Raster & Vector
Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Transportation Sciences Department of Transport Telematics Doc. Ing. Pavel Hrubeš, Ph.D. Geographical Information.
Lesson 3 GIS Fundamentals MEASURE Evaluation PHFI Training of Trainers May 2011.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
Geographic Information System
Spatial Data Models Raster uses individual cells in a matrix, or grid, format to represent real world entities Vector uses coordinates to store the shape.
Statistical surfaces: DEM’s
Data Queries Raster & Vector Data Models
Raster Data Analysis.
Presentation transcript:

Geographic Information Systems Spatial and non-spatial data, getting spatial data into Arc, and databases

Geographic Information Systems An information system that handles geographic data. Duhhhhhh!!!

the real world has a lot of spatial data THE NEED FOR GIS the real world has a lot of spatial data manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area location of historical sites to visit Military purposes Surveillance (pro and con) the earth surface is a limited resource rational decisions on space utilization fast and quality information in decision making

What are GIS systems being used for.. City, county, state, tribal, etc planning.. Mentioned this last class Wildlife biology, natural resources Public health Data visualization Business planning Agriculture Others on page 312-314 of book

Geographic Information Systems Old School Map-Overlay analysis New School Computer based

Geographical Information Science (GISc) Deals with making appropriate or best use of geographical information Closely related to GIS Examples Analysis techniques Visualisation techniques Algorithms for geographical data A shout out to Ian Gregory U. of Portsmouth

Types of data 1. Spatial data: 2. Attribute data: Says where the feature is Co-ordinate based Vector data – discrete features: Points Lines Polygons (zones or areas) Raster data: A continuous surface 2. Attribute data: Says what a feature is Eg. statistics, text, images, sound, etc.

DATA MODEL OF RASTER AND VECTOR REAL WORLD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 GRID RASTER VECTOR

RASTER DATA MODEL derive from formulation that real world has spatial elements and objects fills those elements real world is represented with uniform cells list of cells is a rectangle cell comprises of triangles, hexagon and higher complexities a cell reports its own true characteristics per units cell does not represent an object an object is represented by a group of cells

Creating a Raster 0 = No Water Feature 1 = Water Body 2 = River Lake Pond Reality - Hydrography Lake River Pond Reality overlaid with a grid 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 = No Water Feature 1 = Water Body 2 = River 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Resulting raster Creating a Raster

DATA MODEL OF RASTER AND VECTOR REAL WORLD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 GRID RASTER VECTOR

VECTOR CHARACTERICTIS POINT X LINE POLYGON

RASTER TO VECTOR RIVER CHANGED FROM RASTER TO VECTOR FORMAT RIVER THAT HAS BEEN VECTORISED ORIGINAL RIVER

PRO AND CONS OF RASTER MODEL raster data is more affordable simple data structure very efficient overlay operation cons topology relationship difficult to implement raster data requires large storage not all world phenomena related directly with raster representation raster data mainly is obtained from satellite images and scanning

PRO AND CONS OF VECTOR MODEL more efficient data storage topological encoding suitable for most usage and compatible with data good graphic presentation cons overlay operation not efficient complex data structure

Types of data nominal, ordinal, ratio, (interval). P. 163 in book

Allowed mathematical operations Nominal; counting the number of occurrences in the measurement class Ordinal; make judgments about greater than and less than Interval-Ratio;allow a full range of mathematical operations

Spatial data….

point

line

Area / polygon

More stuff about data Precision vs. Accuracy Garbage in – garbage out

Stuff to know about your spatial data Projection Datum Coordinate system Lat and long UTM State plane Why you need to know this stuff??

Projections

Stuff to know about your spatial data Projection Datum Coordinate system Lat and long UTM State plane Why you need to know this stuff??

An estimate of the ellipsoid is called a datum

Datum 1) the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) which is based on the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid; 2) the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83); 2) the world geodetic system (WGS84) based on the GRS80 ellipsoid.

Coordinate systems.. UTM

State plane…

Ok… let’s get GISy

Layers Data on different themes are stored in separate “layers”… book calls ‘em ‘data planes’ As each layer is geo-referenced layers from different sources can easily be integrated using location This can be used to build up complex models of the real world from widely disparate sources

Geo-referencing data Capturing data Geo-referencing Scanning: all of map converted into raster data Digitising: individual features selected from map as points, lines or polygons Geo-referencing Initial scanning digitising gives co-ordinates in inches from bottom left corner of digitiser/scanner Real-world co-ordinates are found for four registration points on the captured data These are used to convert the entire map onto a real-world co-ordinate system Danke to Ian Gregory

Digitizing….. Nodes Vertices Et al

Topology P. 46 in my super secret book….

Labeling Feature Attribute Tables We are now in the world of “attribute data” What the spatial stuff is This also falls into categories of nominal, ordinal, ratio etc…

Example: Think back to last week’s lab

another type of spatial data to know about.. Digital Elevation Models (DEM’s)

30 or 10 meter spacing 15 to 7 meter elevation accuracy 7.5 min 30 min (60 M) 1 degree Can turn into raster, TINs

Let’s get ARCy….

Geographical Information Systems (2) 2. GIS: A tool-kit Manipulate spatially: Calculate distances and adjacencies Change projections and scales Integrate disparate sources Analyse spatially: Quantitative analysis Exploratory spatial data analysis Qualitative analysis Visualise data: Maps! Tables, graphs, etc. Animations Virtual landscapes

Querying GIS data Attribute query Spatial query Select features using attribute data (e.g. using SQL) Results can be mapped or presented in conventional database form Can be used to produce maps of subsets of the data or choropleth maps Spatial query Clicking on features on the map to find out their attribute values Used in combination these are a powerful way of exploring spatial patterns in your data