Archimedes’ Principle Physics 202 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 2 “Got to write a book, see, to prove you’re a philosopher. Then you get your … free official philosopher’s loofah.” --Terry Pratchett, Small Gods
PAL #1 Fluids Column of water to produce 1 atm of pressure = 1000 kg/m 3 h = P/ g = 10.3 m Double diameter, pressure does not change On Mars pressure would decrease
Archimedes’ Principle The fluid exerts a force on the object If you measure the buoyant force and the weight of the displaced fluid, you find: An object in a fluid is supported by a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces Applies to objects both floating and submerged
Buoyancy
Will it Float? What determines if a object will sink or float? A floating object displaces fluid equal to its weight A sinking object displaces fluid equal to its volume
Floating How will an object float? The denser the object, the lower it will float, or: Example: ice floating in water, W= Vg V i /V w = w / i w = 1024 kg/m 3 and i = 917 kg/m 3
Iceberg
Ideal Fluids Steady -- Incompressible -- Nonviscous -- Irrotational -- Real fluids are much more complicated The ideal fluid approximation is usually not very good
Moving Fluids Consider a pipe of cross sectional area A with a fluid moving through it with velocity v Mass must be conserved so, If the density is constant then, Av= constant = R = volume flow rate Because the amount of fluid going in must equal the amount of fluid going out
Continuity R=Av=constant is called the equation of continuity You can use it to determine the flow rates of a system of pipes Can’t lose or gain any material
Continuity
The Prancing Fluids How can we keep track of it all? The laws of physics must be obeyed Neither energy nor matter can be created or destroyed
Bernoulli’s Equation Consider a pipe that bends up and gets wider at the far end with fluid being forced through it The work of the system due to lifting the fluid is, The work of the system due to pressure is, W p =Fd=pAd= p V=-(p 2 -p 1 ) V The change in kinetic energy is, Equating work and KE yields, p 1 +(1/2) v gy 1 =p 2 +(1/2) v gy 2
Fluid Flow
Consequences of Bernoulli’s Equation Fast moving fluids exert less pressure than slow moving fluids This is known as Bernoulli’s principle Based on conservation of energy Note that Bernoulli only holds for moving fluids
Constricted Flow
Bernoulli in Action Blowing between two pieces of paper Convertible top bulging out Shower curtains getting sucked into the shower
Shower Physics
Lift Consider a thin surface with air flowing above and below it This force is called lift If you can somehow get air to flow over an object to produce lift, what happens?
December 17, 1903
Deriving Lift Consider a wing of area A, in air of density Use Bernoulli’s equation: The difference in pressure is: p b -p t =1/2 v t 2 -1/2 v b 2 Pressure is F/A so: L=F b -F t and so: If the lift is greater than the weight of the plane, you fly
Summary: Fluid Basics Density = =m/V Pressure=p=F/A On Earth the atmosphere exerts a pressure and gravity causes columns of fluid to exert pressure Pressure of column of fluid: p=p 0 + gh For fluid of uniform density, pressure only depends on height
Summary: Pascal and Archimedes Pascal -- pressure on one part of fluid is transmitted to every other part Hydraulic lever -- A small force applied for a large distance can be transformed into a large force over a short distance F o =F i (A o /A i ) and d o =d i (A i /A o ) Archimedes -- An object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces Must be less dense than fluid to float
Summary: Moving Fluids Continuity -- the volume flow rate (R=Av) is a constant fluid moving into a narrower pipe speeds up Bernoulli p 1 +1/2 v gy 1 =p 2 +1/2 v gy 2 Slow moving fluids exert more pressure than fast moving fluids