Department of Geography | Kansas State University | 118 Seaton Hall | Manhattan, Kansas 66506GEOG 302 Cartography and Thematic Mapping Global Positioning Systems and GIS An Introduction Tom Vought and Katie Franke

1-2 GPS and GIS GPS = Global Positioning System Geocaching = an entertaining adventure game for GPS users.  Individuals and organizations set up caches all over the world and share the locations of these caches on the internet. GPS users can then use the location coordinates to find the caches. GIS = Geographic Information System Any system for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. Data capture = entering information into a GIS  Needs to be done well [garbage in  garbage out]  Tends to be very time consuming  Positions from a GPS can also be directly entered into a GIS

1-3 GIS Defined A geographic information system is a framework for understanding our world and applying geographic knowledge to solve problems and guide human behavior. A GIS can produce information that answers specific questions and allows you to share that information with others. By visualizing relationships, connections, and patterns in data, you can make informed decisions and increase efficiency throughout your organization.

1-4 GIS Defined Tool for visualizing and analyzing the interaction of spatial phenomena by overalying and displaying geodata layers Interaction of Software (ArcGIS) Data (shapefiles, rasters) Users (you)

1-5 GIS – John Snow’s map of cholera in London [1854]

1-6 What is a GIS – 3 views

1-7 The Earth’s Graticule System for locating places on Earth

1-8 Where is Manhattan? 39 o 12’ N 96 o 35’ W 2,705 miles north of the Equator 5,126 miles west of the Prime Meridian 4,480 miles east of the International Date Line

1-9 What is GPS? GPS = Global Positioning System Space-based (satellite) positioning system for navigation, tracking, and mapping Designed and maintained by the U.S. Department of Defense Global and available “ ” Your location is: 37 o ’ N 122 o ’ W

1-10 Evolution of GPS – 1970s Defense Navigation Satellite System Grew out of two US military projects that were combined into the Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS): US Navy Timation Project US Air Force 621B Project Navigation System with Timing and Ranging DNSS led to Navstar (Navigation System with Timing and Ranging) – later referred to as Global Positioning System or “GPS”. First generation of GPS satellites (Phases I and II) deployed.

1-11 Evolution of GPS – 1980s 1984: No-cost civilian access to the GPS guaranteed by the US government. 1989: First Phase III (Block II) satellites launched. 1993: IOC (Initial Operation Capability) achieved with 24 fully functional satellites. July 1995: FOC (Full Operational Capability) achieved, 24 fully functional Block II satellites.

Name: NAVSTAR Manufacturer: Rockwell International Altitude: 12,544 Miles Weight: 1900 lbs. Size: 17 ft. (solar panels extended). Orbital Period: 12 hours Orbital Plane: 55° to equatorial plane Planned Lifespan: 7.5 years Thrusters for orbit adjustments Current Constellation: 29 Block II satellites Block II NAVSTAR GPS Satellite

1-13 GPS Constellation Not all satellites shown…

1-14 Other Systems Beidou COMPASS Beidou – China’s regional system; proposal to expand to global system called COMPASS Galileo Galileo – global system proposed by EU for GLONASS GLONASS – Russia global system being restored with India IRNSS IRNSS – proposed regional system by India QZSS QZSS – Japanese proposed regional system

1-15 How Does GPS Work? Velocity of GPS radio signal is constant = 186,000 mi/sec Need to measure travel time of signal from satellite to ground receiver. GPS satellites have 4 onboard atomic clocks: 2 rubidium and 2 cesium. Distance = Velocity x Time

600 miles Three people are driving to the same destination, but we don’t know what the destination is. The first person starts at the red dot and drives in a straight line at 60 mph for 10 hours (600 miles), so they would be somewhere on the edge of this circle. Introducing Trilateration With one data source…

The second person starts at the green dot and also drives in a straight line at 60 mph for 10 hours (600 miles), so they would be somewhere on the edge of their circle. This means that the destination must be on one of the two yellow dots. 600 miles Introducing Trilateration Add a second data source…

miles Finally the third person starts at the purple dot and also drives in a straight line at 60 mph for 10 hours (600 miles), so they would be somewhere on the edge of their circle. This means that the destination must be on the yellow dot. 600 miles Introducing Trilateration and a third data source…

1-19 Even if the speed of and distance traveled by each vehicle was different – the process for identifying the destination would be the same. What is this distance? Making Trilateration Harder!

1-20 GPS Trilateration Same as previous example, but backwards. “Destination” is known, but where were the three starting points?= Velocity x Time How do we measure the distance between person on the ground and each of three satellites?

1-21 How Does GPS Work? Velocity of GPS radio signal is constant = 186,000 mi/sec Need to measure travel time of radio signal from satellite to ground receiver. Distance from three satellites mandatory, four gives a more accurate position fix. Distance = Velocity x Time

50 milliseconds 40 milliseconds 90 milliseconds One-Way Satellite Ranging Distance = Velocity x Time x 186,000 = 9,300 miles x 186,000 = 16,740 miles x 186,000 = 7,440 miles

1-23 Sources of GPS Error Slight errors in time measurement introduce large errors in distance – very precise clocks needed to measure time in billionths of seconds. 1 millisecond mistake = 186 miles! Major Sources of Positional Error: Satellite/Receiver Clock Error Receiver Noise Atmospheric Delay Multipath Error Selective Availability

1-24 GPS signals are delayed as they pass through the atmosphere Troposphere Ionosphere Less Error More Error Atmospheric Delay

1-25 Selective Availability (S/A) Government introduces artificial errors to reduce GPS position accuracy With S/A on – no better than 100 meter accuracy Turned off in 2000, but could be turned back on at any time… 100 meters 40 meters 20 meters

1-26 Current GPS Status U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center Latest GPS Status Message

1-27 GPS and GIS GPS = Global Positioning System Geocaching = an entertaining adventure game for GPS users.  Individuals and organizations set up caches all over the world and share the locations of these caches on the internet. GPS users can then use the location coordinates to find the caches. GIS = Geographic Information System Any system for capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. Data capture = entering information into a GIS  Needs to be done well [garbage in  garbage out]  Tends to be very time consuming  Positions from a GPS can also be directly entered into a GIS