March 3, Structures and Weights 2 PDR Michael Caldwell Jeff Haddin Asif Hossain James Kobyra John McKinnis Kathleen Mondino Andrew Rodenbeck Jason Tang Joe Taylor Tyler Wilhelm AAE 451: Team 2

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Overview Landing Gear Center of Gravity Weight and Cost Estimation V-n Diagram Structures  Wing  Fuselage  Tail Wing Loading Analysis

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Aircraft 3-View Mission Requirements 15 min. endurance Take-off distance ≤ 60 ft. V stall ≤ 15 ft/s V loiter ≤ 25 ft/s 35 ft. turn radius

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Landing Gear Wire mounting  Rigid  Lightweight  Inexpensive  Easy to construct Interchangeable Smooth takeoff and landing on AstroTurf ® Pictures courtesy of

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Location  2 front gears by canard  2 back gears by wing Configuration  Wire strut attached to bottom stringer of outer fuselage with mounting bracket  Interchangeable with wheels, skis, floats attached to mounting blocks Gear Configuration Pictures courtesy of Fuselage Attachment Wheel/Ski/Float Attachment

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Center of Gravity X cg = ft X np = ft Static Margin = 14.8%

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Weight Estimation

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Cost Estimation * Costs of 11 lb f /ft 3 balsa estimated for wing, fuselages, tails, and canard

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, V-n Diagram Level Flight Turning Flight Max Load Factor V dive ~ 50% higher than V cruise n max V loiter = 25 ft/sec Typical limit load factors for general aviation (n positive = 3.0-g, n negative = -1.5-g) from Raymer, Daniel P., Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach p.407

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Properties of Wing Box Shear Web  1.6 in. x in. ( ft. x ft.)  Two stringers: 0.25 in. x 0.25 in. ( ft. x ft.) Wing Spar  Central I beam located at maximum wing thickness  With shear web and two stringers Ribs  20 ribs spaced approximately every 3 inches Stringers  in. x in. ( ft. x ft.) leading edge stringer  in. x 0.75 in. ( ft. x ft.) trailing edge stringer for mounting aileron

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Material Properties Density (lb f /ft 3 )Young’s Modulus (ksi)Yield Stress (psi) Balsa Spruce EPS Foam EPP Foam Epoxy lb/ft Ultrakote lb/ft 2 N/A Values from Fall ’04 AAE 451 projects and

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Balsa construction  Lightweight  Simple, quick construction Ultrakote wing covering All parts: 11 lb f /ft 3 balsa High safety factor (oversized web/stringers) Structural Geometry

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Wing – Fuselage Attachment

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Fuselage Structure Formers  Outer Fuselage (each): Six - 1” radius  Main Fuselage: Four - 2” radius One - 1” radius Stringers  Outer Fuselage (each): Seven – 1/8” x 1/8” x 36” One – 1/8” x 1/2” x 36” (for landing gear mounts)  Main Fuselage: Eight – 1/8” x 1/8” x 20”  Balsa sticks

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Tail Structure Flat Plate  Non-Lifting Surface  No Volume Needed  Ease of Construction  1/8” Balsa - Lightweight

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Wing Loading Analysis Moments and Products of Inertia Constraints Analysis  Load Distribution at Maximum Wing Loading  Maximum Wing Root Bending Moment  Maximum Torsional Moment  Maximum Wing Tip Deflection

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Moments and Products of Inertia Volume Moments of Inertia about World Coordinate Axes Ix: (+/ ) Iy: (+/ ) Iz: (+/- 0.11) Volume Radii of Gyration about World Coordinate Axes Rx: (+/- 1.7e-005) Ry: (+/- 3.3e-005) Rz: (+/- 3.5e-005) Volume Moments of Inertia about Centroid Coordinate Axes Ix: (+/ ) Iy: (+/- 0.28) Iz: (+/- 0.3) Volume Radii of Gyration about Centroid Coordinate Axes Rx: (+/- 1.7e-005) Ry: (+/- 9.9e-005) Rz: (+/- 7e-005) Volume = (+/ ) cubic millimeters Volume Centroid = ,6e-011, (+/- 2.9e-005,9.3e-006,4.5e-006) Volume Moments: First Moments x: (+/ ) y: 1e-008 (+/ ) z: (+/ ) Second Moments xx: (+/ ) yy: (+/ ) zz: (+/ ) Product Moments xy: 8e-008 (+/ ) yz: -6e-009 (+/ ) zx: (+/ ) Calculated from CAD Model Can be easily recalculated with model updates

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Bending Worst case simplification  cantilevered beam  uniform load distribution  negligible outer fuselage mass/support

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Twisting Moment due to lift found from moment coefficient

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Constraints Twisting: less than one degree of twist Bending: bending stress less than balsa yield stress (w/ safety factor of 2)

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Analysis Maximum wing load:  1.97 lbs of lift, assuming uniform distribution and span Maximum bending moment (at root):  ft-lbs Maximum torsional moment (from C m ):  ft-lbs

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Maximum Wing Tip Vertical Deflection Wing loading updated from uniform load to an elliptical distribution Load assumed concentrated on central I beam section Maximum tip deflection: in.

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Summary Landing Gear Center of Gravity Weight and Cost Estimation V-n Diagram Structures  Wing  Fuselage  Tail Wing Loading Analysis Questions?

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Appendix

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Airfoil Selection: Wing Wortmann FX Wortmann FX : M.S.Selig,J.F.Donovan and D.B.Fraser,"AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS” – Wind Tunnel

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Airfoil Selection: Canard NACA 0012

[ Overview | 3-View | Landing Gear 1 2 | CG | Weight | Cost | V-n Diagram | Structures | Wing Loading Analysis ]Overview3-View12CGWeightCostV-n Diagram March 3, Geometric Layout