CS 351 Computer Architecture Instructor: Bala Ravikumar (Ravi) 116 I Darwin Hall Office hours: TBA

Catalog Description: Lecture, 4 hours. Instruction set design; stages of instruction execution, data and control path design; CISC, RISC, stack architectures; pipelining; program optimization techniques, memory hierarchy: cache models and design issues, virtual memory and secondary storage; I/O interfacing; advanced topics to include some of the following: parallel architectures, DSP or other special purpose architecture, FPGA, reconfigurable architecture, asynchronous circuit design. Prerequisite: CS 215 and CS 252, or consent of instructor.

Course Goals: Computer architecture deals with the functionality of all the major components of a computer: instruction set architecture ALU control and data paths cache and main memory I/O network and bus interconnection The main focus will be on the following topics: performance measures of computer systems MIPS assembly language computer arithmetic and ALU circuit design CPU design pipelining cache memory multicore CPU and parallel programming (as time permits).

Text: Computer Organization and Design: The hardware/software interface, 4 th edition, Morgan-Kaufman Publishers ISBN: Text: Other References: Parhami, Behrooz, Computer Architecture: From Microprocessors to Supercomputers, Oxford University Press, xx pp., February 2005 (ISBN X). M. Murdocca and V. Heuring, Computer Architecture, Prentice-Hall. W. Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, Prentice-Hall.

Assigned Work and Evaluation: Quiz ( %) – There will be a quiz every class. Duration: 10 to 15 minutes. Two Mid-Term tests ( %) – Both tests will be in class and will be about 100 minutes long. Each test will have a closed-book and an open-book section. Home Work assignments ( %) – This will include some implementation (in MIPS assembly language, hardware description language etc.) as well as other design and problem solving exercises. Final Examination ( %) – The final examination will be comprehensive and will have a closed- and an open-book section.

Useful online sources s382m-f03/homework/papers.html

History of computer architecture Abacus is probably more than 3000 years old. Still in use in many countries – in Asia, Africa and Middle-east. (Some can use it to calculate faster than by a calculator.) Used by visually impaired people.

Pascal’s work on calculating machines Pascal began work on his calculator in 1642, when he was only 19 years old. He had been assisting his father, who worked as a tax commissioner, and sought to produce a device which could reduce some of his workload. By 1652 Pascal had produced fifty prototypes and sold just over a dozen machines, but the cost and complexity of the Pascaline – combined with the fact that it could only add and subtract, and the latter with difficulty – was a barrier to further sales, and production ceased in that year

Babbage built difference engine. had all features seen in modern computers- means for: reading input data, storing data, performing calculations, producing output and automatically controlling the operations of the machine. Babbage’s analytical engine is a model of a general-purpose computer, but it was too complex to be built in his life time. Babbage’s calculators

Turing’s work on computers The process of encryption used by Enigma (a German code) was known for a longtime. But decoding was a much harder task. Alan Turing, a British Mathematician, and others in England, built an electromechanical machine to decode the message sent by ENIGMA. The Colossus was a successful code breaking machine that came out of Turing's research. Colossus had all the features of an electronic computer. Vacuum tubes to store the contents of a paper tape that is fed into the machine. Computations took place among the vacuum tubes and programming was performed with plug boards.

Shannon’s work on digital computers Shannon showed in his Master’s thesis (at MIT) how to use Boolean algebra to design circuits that define any Boolean function. Shannon also developed information theory that formed the basis for error-correcting codes. This concept became a central idea in networking and storage devices. Watch this youtube video clip on Shannon: x8&feature=PlayList&p=688DB457F0B24F42&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=12

ENIAC Built at U of Pennsylvania around ENIAC consisted of vacuum tubes, which made up the computing section of the machines programming and data entry were performed by setting switches. There was no concept of stored program. But these were not serious limitations since ENIAC was intended to do special-purpose calculations. ENIAC was not ready until the war was over, but it was successfully used for nine years after the war ( ).

Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology

The Computer Revolution Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moore’s Law “Every two years, the number of transistors in IC doubles.” Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles – pollution control, ABS, airbags etc. Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web – ~1 billion web sites, ~10 billion web pages. Search Engines Computers are pervasive §1.1 Introduction

Moore’s law

Classes of Computers Desktop computers General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff Server computers Network based High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

The Processor Market

What You Will Learn How programs are translated into the machine language And how the hardware executes them The hardware/software interface What determines program performance And how it can be improved How hardware designers improve performance What is parallel processing

Understanding Performance Algorithm Determines number of operations executed Programming language, compiler, architecture Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation Processor and memory system Determine how fast instructions are executed I/O system Determines how fast I/O operations are executed

Below Your Program Application software Written in high-level language System software Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code Operating System: service code Handling input/output Managing memory and storage Scheduling tasks & sharing resources Hardware Processor, memory, I/O controllers §1.2 Below Your Program

Levels of Program Code High-level language Level of abstraction closer to problem domain Provides for productivity and portability Assembly language Textual representation of instructions Hardware representation Binary digits (bits) Encoded instructions and data

Components of a Computer Same components for all kinds of computer Desktop, server, embedded Input/output includes User-interface devices Display, keyboard, mouse Storage devices Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash Network adapters For communicating with other computers §1.3 Under the Covers The BIG Picture