CLASSIFICATION LAB 08

Purpose: Review classification of organisms. Construct and map the relationships of members from the Kingdom Animalia.

Systematics- studies diversity of life Taxonomy- study of classification I. Systematics

Classification: Six kingdom system : Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria E. coliCyanobacteria ParameciumDiatomSlime mold

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Ancestral Protist segmentation true tissue radial symmetry bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes: eucoelom Protostome: schizocoelem pseudo coelom Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda no true tissues acoelom

What are some of the ways we can classify animals? Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus, cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present, Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange across skin/epithelium Embryonic development: deuterostome, protostome Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart

Which group does the Platypus belong?

Class Mammalia Prototherians MetatheriansEutherians Have fur/hair, warm blooded, suckle young Live births True placental

Which group does the Coelacanth belong?

Lobed-finned fishes Reptiles Coelacanth Lungfish AmphibiansOsteichthyesChondrichthyes (sharks & rays) Mammalia Ancestral jawed fishes of the Devonian period Fleshy-finned fishes Placodermi Rhipidistians Tetrapods Ray-finned fishes Birds

Two main objectives of taxonomy: 1. Sort out closely related organisms, assign them to a species, and describe diagnostic characteristics that distinguish the species from one another. 2. Classification of species- arrange species in broader taxonomic categories.

Homology Anatomical comparison of bird, dolphin and human.

Analogy

School of Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics Classification based on observed similarities and differences Darwinian approach Phylogram

Features Pearorange grapefruit appleplumgreengage hard stone round thin skin smooth sweet stalk segments Similarities pear orange 3 grapefruit 2 7 apple plum greengage pear orange grapefruit apple plum

Figure 7. A phenogram of fruits

Classification based on branching pattern in a phylogenetically related group of organisms Cladogram hagfish trout salamander lizard hawk mouse chimp lungs Claws or nails feathers Fur; mammary glands jaws

Which approach is correct?

Exercise1: The Nuts and Bolts of Classification Divide into 4 research teams. Develop a classification system. Take a bag containing fasteners. Complete assignment and answer all questions Make a classification scheme. Include all of the categories from phylum to species.

Exercise 2: Animal Classification Divide into teams of 2 or 3. Select 5 animals Sort animal specimens based traits. Make a classification scheme. Include all of the categories from phylum to species.

The Comparative Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis Construct a phylogenetic tree based only on examination of your specimens. 2 species evolving from x (dichotomous split) Use with 3 or more species