Modern Economic Theory in the Talmud Yisrael Aumann Lander College for Men New York, 6 Kislev 5769.

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Presentation transcript:

Modern Economic Theory in the Talmud Yisrael Aumann Lander College for Men New York, 6 Kislev 5769

“Fixing the World:” The Pruzbul - Gittin 34b Price Control and Competition: The Unicorn - Baba Bathra 89a Moral Hazard: The Ten Stores - Ktuvot 15a Evaluating Risky Assets: The Lying Witnesses - Makkot 3a Consistent “Fair” Division: The Three Widows - Ktuvot 93a

“Fixing the World:” The Pruzbul הלל התקין פרוזבול מפני תיקון העולם – גיטין ל"ד ע"ב Hillel ordained the Pruzbul to fix the world זה אחד מן הדברים שהתקין הלל הזקן, שראה את העם שנמנעו מלהלוות זה את זה,... עמד והתקין פרוזבול – שם ל"ו ע"א That is one of the rules that Hillel the Elder ordained: He saw that the people refrained from lending each other money, so he ordained the Pruzbul.

Price Control and Competition: The Unicorn לא יהיה לך בכיסך אבן ואבן, גדולה וקטנה לא יהיה לך בביתך איפה ואיפה, גדולה וקטנה אבן שלמה וצדק יהיה לך איפה שלמה וצדק יהיה לך למען יאריכו ימיך על האדמה אשר ה' אלוקיך נותן לך - דברים כ"ה, י"ג-ט"ו

Thou shalt not have in thy bag a weight and a weight, large and small Thou shalt not have in thy house a measure and a measure, large and small True and just weights shall you have True and just measures shall you have So that your days may be long on the land That Hashem your Lord gives you Deuteronomy 25, 13-15

"יהיה לך" – מלמד שמעמידין אגרדמין למדות, ואין מעמידין אגרדמין לשערים. דבי נשיאה אוקימו אגרדמין בין למדות בין לשערים. א"ל שמואל לקרנא, פוק תני להו, מעמידין אגרדמין למידות ואין מעמידין אגרדמין לשערים. נפק, דרש להו, מעמידין אגרדמין בין למדות בין לשערים. א"ל מה שמך? קרנא? תיפוק ליה קרנא בעיניה! נפקא ליה קרנא בעיניה. - בבא בתרא פ"ט ע"א. ואין מעמידין אגרדמין לשערים: שלא ימכרו ביוקר. סברא הוא, דאינו צריך; דאם זה רוצה למכור ביוקר, אותו הצריך למעות יתן בזול, וילכו הלוקחין אצלו, וימכור זה בזול. - רשב"ם, על אתר

“Shall you have:” This teaches us that inspectors should be appointed for weights and measures, but not for prices. The governor’s office appointed inspectors both for weights and measures and for prices; so Shmuel said to Horn, go, tell them that inspectors should be appointed for weights and measures, but not for prices. He went and told them, inspectors should be appointed both for weights and measures and for prices. So Shmuel said to him, what’s your name? Horn? May a horn grow between your eyes! Forthwith, a horn grew between his eyes. - Baba Bathra 89a

But not for prices: in order that they should not sell dearly. This is common sense; price control is not needed. For if one seller sells dearly, then someone who needs money will sell cheaply, and the buyers will go to him; and then the first one will also sell cheaply. - Rashbam, loc. cit.

Moral Hazard: The Ten Stores תשע חנויות, כולן מוכרות בשר שחוטה, ואחת מוכרת בשר נבילה, ולקח מאחת מהן, ואינו יודע מאיזה מהן לקח, ספיקו אסור; ובנמצא, הלך אחר הרוב. - כתובות ט"ו ע"א There are ten stores, all selling kosher meat, except for one, which is selling treife meat. If a man buys from one, and doesn’t remember which one, then because of the doubt, the meat is forbidden; but if he found the meat, we go by the majority.

Evaluating Risky Assets: The Lying Witnesses מתניתין: מעידין אנו את איש פלוני שגירש את אשתו ולא נתן לה כתובתה, והלא בין היום ובין למחר, סופו ליתן לה כתובתה!? אומדין כמה אדם רוצה ליתן בכתובתה של זו, שאם נתארמלה או נתגרשה, ואם מתה, יירשנה בעלה. גמרא: כיצד שמין? אמר רב חסדא, בבעל. רב נתן בר אושעיה אמר, באשה. - מכות ג, ע"א.

Mishna: We testify that John Doe divorced his wife and did not pay [the amount stipulated in] her marriage contract [when in fact, he did not divorce her]. But [in punishing the perjurers, one should take into account that] he may eventually have to pay anyway. So, one estimates how much a person would pay for [her rights under] her marriage contract, [taking into account that she will only be paid] if she is widowed or divorced, but that if she dies [before the husband], her husband is her heir [and the perjurers pay that estimate]. Gemara: How does one estimate? Rabbi Khisda says, in accordance with the husband; Rabbi Nathan Ben Oshaya says, in accordance with the wife. - item 80 under publications

Consistent Fair Division: The Three Widows מי שהיה נשוי שלוש נשים ומת, כתובתה של זו מנה, ושל זו מאתיים, ושל זו שלוש מאות, ואין שם אלא מנה, חולקין בשוה. היו שם מאתיים, של מנה נוטלת חמישים, ושל מאתיים ושלוש מאות, שלושה שלושה של זהב. היו שם שלוש מאות, של מנה נוטלת חמישים, ושל מאתיים, מנה, ושל שלוש מאות, ששה של זהב. - כתובות צ"ג ע"א

If a man with three wives dies, one has a ktuva of 100 zuz, one of 200, and one of 300, and there is only 100 in the estate, then they divide equally. If there is 200, then the one of 100 takes 50, and those of 200 and 300, 75 each. If there is 300, then the one of 100 takes 50, the one of 200 takes 100, and the one of 300 takes Ktuvot 93a

Ktuva Estate "Game Theory in the Talmud" (June 2002, no. 4.02), under Working Papers 33⅓