The Nervous System The Lay of the Land

Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord

Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Nervous system Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Figure 2.2 The human nervous system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Nervous system Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Afferent nerves Efferent nerves Autonomic nervous system Afferent nerves Efferent nerves Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

Generally speaking… Sympathetic nervous system –Gets body ready for “fight or flight” Parasympathetic nervous system –Saves energy, slows things down to normal after danger is over

Protecting the Central Nervous System

Figure 2.12 Structures that protect the CNS Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Meninges: Layers of protection Dura mater (tough mother) Arachnoid mater (spiderweblike membrane) Pia mater (pious mater)

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Water bed Central canal Cerebral ventricles

Figure 2.14 The ventricular system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

The Blood-Brain Barrier Prevents harmful substances in the blood from entering the brain The cells that make up the walls of the blood vessel walls are squeezed close together, so many molecules cannot pass through

The Blood-Brain Barrier Substances that are important for brain and body functioning can pass through Psychotropic drugs, anti-histamines

Cells of the Nervous System

Neurons Glial cells

Neurons Figure 2.5 A typical neuron and synapse Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Figure 2.6 The four major types of synapses Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

2. Glial cells Oligodendrocytes –Myelin sheath of central nervous system Schwann cells –Myelin sheath of peripheral nervous system

Figure 2.9 Types of glial cellsS Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

2. Glial cells Astrocytes –Astro = star –Helps maintain the blood-brain barrier –Provide neurons with nutrients –Support neurons: protect and hold neurons in place –Keep neurons separated to prevent messages from being mistakenly transmitted

2. Glial cells Microglial –Micro = small –Clean up neurons that have died

Central nervous system BrainSpinal cord

The Spinal Cord

31 pairs of spinal nerves –8 cervical –12 thoracic –5 lumbar –5 sacral –1 coccygeal Figure 2.10 The 31 pairs of spinal nerves Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Figure 2.15 Section of the spinal cord Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Gray matter: cell bodies White matter: axons Figure 1.3 A cross-sectional view of part of the spinal cord Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Dorsal, afferent, sensory Ventral, efferent, motor

Major Structures of the Brain

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Major Structures of the Brain Hindbrain Figure 2.17 The hindbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum

Medulla Vital functions (heart beat, breathing) Swallowing, coughing, sneezing

Pons Relays info between cerebellum and forebrain Sleep Levels of consciousness

Cerebellum Balance Motor function Movement Posture

Major Structures of the Brain Midbrain Figure 2.18 The midbrain Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Midbrain Periaqueductal gray Substantia nigra

Periaqueductal gray –Drugs that reduce pain

Substantia nigra –Latin for “black substance” –Dopamine

Major Structures of the Brain Forebrain

Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Limbic system Basal ganglia

Thalamus Relays information from all senses except smell Like a telephone switchboard that conveys information from vision, hearing, touch. Figure 2.21 The thalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Hypothalamus –Controls release of hormones –that stimulate growth –when under stress Controls temperature, hunger, thirst Figure 2.22 The hypothalamus Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

The cerebral cortex Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Frontal lobe –Movement –Memory –Decision-making –Emotion –Conscious control of behavior –Personality Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Damage to the frontal lobe Difficulty with responding to the environment –Not following rules –Impaired learning Changes in personality

Temporal lobe –Hearing –Memory –Language Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Parietal lobe –Information from touch –Making sense of spatial relationships in the environment Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Damage to the parietal lobe Right parietal lobe: neglect of left side

Occipital lobe –Vision Figure 2.25 The cerebral cortex Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

The limbic system Figure 2.23 The limbic system Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Amygdala: fear and escape Hippocampus: memory

The basal ganglia Figure 2.23 The basal ganglia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Basal ganglia Voluntary movements –Parkinson’s disease –Huntington’s disease –Tourette’s

Figure 2.4 Anatomical directions and perspectives Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers