Chapter 4 Infancy: Early learning, motor skills, and perceptual capacities pp , , ,153,155,
一、新生兒 (一)反射 (reflexes)p.126 (二)狀態 1. 狀態 (p.128) 2. 變化 3. 睡眠 REM sleep/NREM sleep Autostimulation theory p.130 Boismier (1977)
(三)學習 1. 古典制約 (Classical conditioning) 2. 操作制約 (Operant conditioning) Context dependent After 9 months, context free increasing
二、知覺發展 (一)研究嬰兒感覺、知覺的方法 1. 偏好法 Preference method (Fantz) 2. 習慣化 The Habituation method 3. 喚起電位 Evoked potentials 4. 高振幅吸吮 High-amplitude sucking
(二)聽覺、觸覺、味覺 P.153 Milestones
(三)嬰兒視知覺( Visual perception in infancy ) 1. 視覺、顏色知覺 Milestone (p.161)
2. Pattern perception(p.161) (1) 0-1 months/2months — a. 中度複雜 ( Moderate Complex p.155) — improve b. 高對比 (High-contrast patterns ) — 物體內容 c. Face (p.158) d. Capture attention by moving
(2) 2 months to 1 year a. scan 物體內容 b. subjective boundaries (p.157)
3. Object perception a. 大小一致性( Size constancy ) (p.159) b. 物體整體 (object identity) (p.159) c. object ’ s path of movement (p.160)
4. 深度知覺發展( Development of depth perception ) Gibson and Walk : 視覺懸崖( visual cliff ) (p.154)
三、 Theoretical controversies about sensory and perceptual development 1. 先天論 Nature (nativist) vs. 經驗論 nurture (empiricist) 2. 豐富 Enrichment vs. 區分 differentiation