 Dramatic increases in women in prison between 1986 and 2002  More and crimes, rather than violence ◦  Women may have more to commit crimes  Shorter maximum sentences than men

 Characteristics of women in prison ◦ More likely to have been abused ◦ Younger, single, and economically disadvantaged ◦ More likely to be mothers ◦ Slightly older than male prisoners ◦ Weaker criminal histories ◦ Likely unemployed ◦ Custodial parents pre-incarceration

 Generally they present little risk to the general public  likely to recidivate when compared to men  Generally have for intensive programming ◦ Such as drug treatment  likely to have experience sexual abuse as a child and/or as an adult.

 Lower threat of violence  More laughter and more tears  Many appreciate when programs are offered  Groups ◦  ◦

 Homosexuality tends to be consensual  Gender-specific programming ◦  Higher rates of guard  inmate sexual activity and abuse ◦

 Estimates say 60 – 85% of incarcerated women are mothers of children under 18 ◦ 

 Estimates say 60 – 85% of incarcerated women are mothers of children under 18 ◦ More than half never receive visits while in prison 

 6 – 10% are pregnant in jail/prison ◦ 77% exposed their fetuses to drugs ◦ Higher than average rates of miscarriage ◦ Shackling during birth ◦ Immediate separation from the newborns ◦ Fail to receive much in the way of prenatal care

 What is needed? ◦ Parenting programs addressing children’s needs ◦ Counseling or support groups for children ◦ Frequent contact with mom during incarceration supports future reunification with children ◦ Social support 