Chapter 13 Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement Geosystems 5e An Introduction to Physical Geography Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen

Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement Landmass Denudation Weathering Processes Karst Topography and Landscapes Mass Movement Processes

Landmass Denudation Geomorphic Models of Landform Development Dynamic Equilibrium View of Landforms

Delicate Arch, Arches NP, Utah Differential Weathering

Regolith, Soil, and Parent Materials Figure 13.5

b) Example of components in (a).

Weathering Processes Factors Influencing Weathering Processes Physical Weathering Processes Frost heave, crystallization, temperature change, pressure-release jointing Chemical Weathering Processes Hydrolysis, solution weathering, oxidation

Physical Weathering Figure 13.7Figure 13.8 Frost Action Forms talus slopes in mountain areas

Exfoliation in Granite Figure Great Arches Half Dome, Yosemite Overburden removed from buried plutons

Frost heave, Yosemite NP. Glacier Point climbing area Rockfall 162,000-ton granite slab. 160 mph speed. Killed several people.

Crystallization plus Differential weathering Canyon de Chelly

Chemical Weathering East side of Sierras. Alabama hills in front. Mt Whitney in back.

Physical weathering on Mt. Whitney in background Chemical weathering on Alabama Hills in foreground Figure Formed from the same plutons. Difference is age of exposure, Air temperature, and glaciation.

Little Joe, Ponderosa

Oxidation

Karst Topography and Landscapes Formation of Karst Lands Covered with Sinkholes Caves and Caverns Result of carbonation-solution weathering

Karst and Limestone Regions Figure 13.14

Sinkhole and Tower Karst Figure 13.17Figure 13.18

Cavern Features Figure 13.19

Cenote in Mexico

Mass Movement Processes Mass Movement Mechanics Classes of Mass Movements Human-Induced Mass Movements (Scarification)

Slope Mechanics and Form Figure 13.3

Shear stress and strength Mass movements occur when shear stress exceeds shear strength Shear stress = mass x gravity x sin (slope)

Water Increases shear stress by adding mass Decreases shear strength by lubricating sliding layers

Mass Movement Classes Figure 13.21

Soil Creep Figure 13.27

Solifluction Figure 17.23

Madison River Landslide Figure mag 7.5 earthquake Created Quake Lake Killed 28 people

Debris Avalanche Figure St. Elias Range, Alaska

Nevado Huascaran Cordillera Blanca, Peru 1970 Earthquake Failed near summit Vertical drop of 4,100 m Horizontal distance of 16 km Velocities > 186 mph Killed > 20,000 people 1962 avalanche killed 4,000

End of Chapter 13 Geosystems 5e An Introduction to Physical Geography Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen