The Carbon Cycle 3 I.Introduction: Changes to Global C Cycle (Ch. 15) II.C-cycle overview: pools & fluxes (Ch. 6) III. Controls on GPP (Ch. 5) IV.Controls.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration Adrian Martin Global terrestrial C budgets Global terrestrial C budgets Historical C emissions from land use change Historical.
Advertisements

TEMPORAL VARIABILITY AND DRIVERS OF NET ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTION OF A TURKEY OAK (QUERCUS CERRIS L.) FOREST IN ITALY UNDER COPPICE MANAGEMENT Luca Belelli.
Topic G Ecology & conservation G2 Ecosystems & biomes.
Productivity and the Carbon Cycle
LECTURE NO 4  The general term "Production" is the creation of new organic matter. The process of photosynthesis converts light energy into energy stored.
Diagnostic canopy Prognostic canopy. Offline results: Combined influence of sun/shade and prognostic canopy scheme, compared to CLM3.0. CLM3-CN running.
Jun-Aug/annual mean T precip.sum (degC) (mm) / / / / / / / /810 Jun-Aug/annual mean.
Individual organism: How do structure, physiology, and behavior lead to the individual’s survival and reproduction? Population: What determines the number.
Course goals 1)Have you develop a firm understanding of the concepts and mechanisms of ecosystem ecology; 2)Have you enhance your understanding of how.
Primary Productivity Jason Broshear Katherine Echement Zach Moning Leo Sack.
Carbon Allocation in Forest Ecosystems Mike Ryan USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Creighton Litton California State University, Fullerton.
Chap. 8 – Terrestrial Plant Nutrient Use Focus on the following sections: 1.Introduction and Overview (176-77) a. What are 2 reasons described that plant.
The Carbon Cycle I.Introduction: Changes to Global C Cycle (Ch. 15) II.C-cycle overview: pools & fluxes (Ch. 6) III. Controls on GPP (Ch. 5) IV.Controls.
Carbon Cycle Basics Ranga Myneni Boston University 1/12 Egon Schiele ( ) Autumn Sun 1.
ECOLOGY Primary Production and Energy Flow How do I become more productive?
Decomposition (Ch. 19: ) I.What is it? II.Who does it? III.What controls it? IV.How does it fit into the big picture?
Production Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Maize” page; accessed 6-XI-2014 [By en:User:Pratheepps.
Ecosystem processes and heterogeneity Landscape Ecology.
The Carbon Cycle and Primary Productivity Chap. 18: , Chap. 19: I. Introduction A. Questions about elevated CO 2 B. Ecosystem ecology definitions.
Ch Define Ch. 55 Terms: Autotroph Heterotroph Detritivore
Effects of Forest Management on Carbon Flux and Storage Jiquan Chen, Randy Jensen, Qinglin Li, Rachel Henderson & Jianye Xu University of Toledo & Missouri.
Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 19 Ecosystem Essentials.
Optimising ORCHIDEE simulations at tropical sites Hans Verbeeck LSM/FLUXNET meeting June 2008, Edinburgh LSCE, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de.
Plant Ecology - Chapter 14 Ecosystem Processes. Ecosystem Ecology Focus on what regulates pools (quantities stored) and fluxes (flows) of materials and.
1 Nutrient Cycling and Retention Chapter 19 nitro/biggraph.asp.
Paul R. Moorcroft David Medvigy, Stephen Wofsy, J. William Munger, M. Dietze Harvard University Developing a predictive science of the biosphere.
Climate change and the carbon cycle David Schimel National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado.
Summary of Research on Climate Change Feedbacks in the Arctic Erica Betts April 01, 2008.
Ecosystem ecology studies the flow of energy and materials through organisms and the physical environment as an integrated system. a population reproduction.
A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v. 3.0) A. D. Friend, A.K. Stevens, R.G. Knox, M.G.R. Cannell. Ecological Modelling.
1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 15: Biosphere and Nutrients Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University.
Chapter 54 Ecosystems. Ecosystem: Overview An ecosystem consists of –All the organisms living in a community – all the abiotic factors with which they.
BIOME-BGC estimates fluxes and storage of energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen for the vegetation and soil components of terrestrial ecosystems. Model algorithms.
U6115: Populations & Land Use Tuesday, June Biogeochemical Cycling on Land A)Systems Analysis and Biotic Control B)Components of Terrestrial Ecosystems.
WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM? Community + all abiotic factors affecting “Ecosystem” first proposed by Arthur Tansley Boundaries not fixed Energy flows Cycle nutrients.
The impacts of land mosaics and human activity on ecosystem productivity Jeanette Eckert.
Translation to the New TCO Panel Beverly Law Prof. Global Change Forest Science Science Chair, AmeriFlux Network Oregon State University.
Chapter 54 Ecosystems. An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact Ecosystems.
Scott Goetz Changes in Productivity with Climate Change at High Latitudes: the role of Disturbance.
Introduction: Globally, atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 are rising, and are expected to increase forest productivity and carbon storage. However, forest.
1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 10: Carbon Cycle Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois,
CO 2 - Net Ecosystem Exchange and the Global Carbon Exchange Question Soil respiration chamber at College Woods near Durham New Hampshire. (Complex Systems.
Primary Production in Terrestrial Systems Fundamentals of Ecosystem Ecology Class Cary Institute January 2013 Gary Lovett.
Modeling Modes of Variability in Carbon Exchange Between High Latitude Ecosystems and the Atmosphere Dave McGuire (UAF), Joy Clein (UAF), and Qianlai.
Coupling between fire and permafrost Effects of permafrost thaw on surface hydrology between better- drained vs. poorly- drained ecosystems Consequences.
Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Ecosystems Greg Henry, University of British Columbia Philip Wookey, University of Uppsala.
Ecosystem component Activity 1.6 Grasslands and wetlands Jean-François Soussana Katja Klumpp, Nicolas Vuichard INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France CarboEurope,
Ecosystem component Activity 1.6 Grasslands and wetlands Jean-François Soussana Katja Klumpp, Nicolas Vuichard INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France CarboEurope,
The age of C respired from tropical forest Susan Trumbore, Jim Randerson (UC Irvine) Jeff Chambers (Tulane) Simone Vieira, Plínio Camargo, Everaldo Telles,
Lecture 3&4: Terrestrial Carbon Process I. Photosynthesis and respiration (revisit) II. Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems III. Terrestrial.
Land cover & fire at high latitudes: model-data comparison and model modification NCEO Land Science Meeting, February 2012, Sheffield, UK E.Kantzas,
Controls on tropical forest CO 2 and energy exchange Michael L Goulden, Scott D Miller, Humberto da Rocha, Chris Doughty, Helber Freitas, Adelaine Michela.
Landscape-level (Eddy Covariance) Measurement of CO 2 and Other Fluxes Measuring Components of Solar Radiation Close-up of Eddy Covariance Flux Sensors.
MonthDayTopic Nov.8Individuals to populations 10Holiday! 13Populations to communities 15Community patterns 17Ecosystems 20Film-1 st showing 22Film-2 nd.
CLM-CN update: Sensitivity to CO 2, temperature, and precipitation in C-only vs. C-N mode Peter Thornton, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Mariana Vertenstein,
Goal: to understand carbon dynamics in montane forest regions by developing new methods for estimating carbon exchange at local to regional scales. Activities:
Net Primary Productivity and World Net Primary Production for Major Ecosystems __________________________________________________________________.
Scott Saleska (U. of Arizona) Lucy Hutyra, Elizabeth Hammond-Pyle, Dan Curran, Bill Munger, Greg Santoni, Steve Wofsy (Harvard University) Kadson Oliveira.
Production.
1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 18: Nitrogen Cycle Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois,
Daily net carbon exchange as a mediator of heterotrophic soil respiration across two forest chronosequences Jared L. DeForest, Asko Noormets, and Jiquan.
Arctic RIMS & WALE (Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System & Western Arctic Linkage Experiment) John Kimball FaithAnn Heinsch Steve Running.
Interannual Variations in Methane Emissions and Net Ecosystem Exchange in a Temperate Peatland Claire Treat Mount Holyoke College Research and.
Ecosystem Ecology. I. Ecosystems A. Definition 1. An ecosystem is an association of organisms and their physical environment, 2. Linked by a flow of energy.
Ecological Principles for Natural Resource Management Objectives –Basic ecological principles that are important for understanding natural resources and.
CLM-CN update: Sensitivity to CO2, temperature, and precipitation in C-only vs. C-N mode Peter Thornton, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Mariana Vertenstein, Nan.
Global Carbon Budget. Global Carbon Budget of the carbon dioxide emitted from anthropogenic sources) -Natural sinks of carbon dioxide are the land.
Ecosystem Demography model version 2 (ED2)
CLM-CN update: Sensitivity to CO2, temperature, and precipitation in C-only vs. C-N mode Peter Thornton, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Mariana Vertenstein, Nan.
Presentation transcript:

The Carbon Cycle 3 I.Introduction: Changes to Global C Cycle (Ch. 15) II.C-cycle overview: pools & fluxes (Ch. 6) III. Controls on GPP (Ch. 5) IV.Controls on NPP (Ch. 6) V.Controls on NEP (Ch. 6) Powerpoint modified from Harte & Hungate ( and Chapin (

IV. Controls on NPP A. Components of NPP B. Physiological Controls on NPP 1. Plant Respiration 2. Allocation C. State Factor and Interactive Controls on NPP 1. Climate 2. Parent material/nutrient availability 3. Organisms 4. Time V. Controls on NEP A.Measuring NEP B.Controls on NEP 1.Uptake/release imbalance 2.Disturbance

6.8 NPP = GPP - R plant NPP =  Plant/  t + C lost C lost : exudates, vol. emissions, herbiv., tissue turnover (litterfall), disturbance (fire, harvest) NPP is total energy available to rest of ecosystem

Components of NPP% of NPP New plant biomass40-70 Leaves and reproductive parts (fine litterfall)10-30 Apical stem growth0-10 Secondary stem growth0-30 New roots30-40 Root secretions20-40 Root exudates10-30 Root transfers to mycorrhizae10-30 Losses to herbivores, mortality, and fire1-40 Volatile emissions0-5 Table 6.2 Components of NPP What do we usually measure?? Litterfall Stem growth Sometimes roots That leaves ~30% or more unaccounted for

What do we really care about? Biomass increment and carbon storage Energy available to other trophic levels Energy transfer to mycorrhizae (maybe) Root exudates (maybe) Volatile emissions (maybe; important for atmos chem but less so for C accounting).

Controls on NPP Start Small or Big? 6.1 Plate 3

B. Physiological controls on NPP 1. Respiration NPP = GPP – Respiration

Respiration provides energy for essential plant processes R plant = R growth + R maint + R ion 6.2 Repair of –Proteins –Membranes –Other stuff Probably correlates with GPP Respiration cost of growth is similar among species and plant parts

b. What controls maintenance respiration? Plant chemistry –especially protein content Environment –especially temperature and drought 5.9

NPP is about half of GPP when looking across biomes 6.6

2. Allocation (pp ) Plants allocate most growth to tissues that maximize capture of limiting resources Allocate to roots when dry or nutrient poor Allocate to stems, leaves when light is limiting Constantly adjust allocation –Prevents overwhelming limitation by any one resource –Tends to make plants limited by multiple resources

C. State factor and interactive controls on NPP 1.3

NPP varies 14-fold among biomes

Biomass is greatest in tropical and temperate forests

Half of global biomass and a third of global NPP is in tropical forests (total area x production/area)

C.1. Climate

Global patterns of NPP vary with climate Increases with ppt (up to max at ~2-3 m/yr) Increases exponentially with temperature High variance due to variation in other state factors 6.3

AET does better than temp or ppt alone. Molles 2004 What the heck is AET?

PET responds mostly to changing temp (and wind) AET is PET as constrained by available precip PET decreases AET decreases

2.21 PET same AET decreases PET responds mostly to changing temp (and wind) AET is PET as constrained by available precip.

AET does better than temp or ppt alone. Molles ?

NPP per unit leaf area and time is fairly similar across biomes

Leaf Area Index R 2 = ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3, NPP (g/m 2 /yr) Leaf Area Index (m 2 /m 2 ) Tropical forests Temperate forests Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Boreal forests Med. shrublands Deserts Arctic tundra Correlates with NPP

Tropical forests Temperate forests Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Boreal forests Med. shrublands Deserts Arctic tundra R 2 = ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3, NPP (g/m 2 /yr) Growing Season Length (days) Length of the Growing Season Correlates with NPP

Productivity per unit leaf area R 2 = ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3, Daily NPP per leaf area (g/m 2 /d) Total Annual NPP (g/m 2 /yr) Tropical forests Temperate forests Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Boreal forests Med. shrublands Deserts Arctic tundra does not correlate with NPP

5.1 This suggests that LAI and season length are strong controllers of NPP as well as GPP

2. Parent material/soil resources a. Nutrient limitation of NPP –Soil fertility gradients –Fertilization Molles 2004, 18.4

Which nutrients limit production? What do we mean by “limitation”? Simplistic view: Liebig’s law of the minimum – only one resource is limiting, that in most limited supply But, multiple resource limitation of NPP is frequently observed…

Which nutrients? Molles 2004, 18.5 Primary limitation, secondary limitation, co-limitation

Why is NPP often limited by multiple resources? Adjustment of allocation to prevent overwhelming limitation by one resource Environment changes seasonally and from year to year Different resources limit different species

b. Climate effects are in part mediated by belowground resources.

In ecosystems where correlations suggest a strong climatic limitation of NPP… …experiments and observations indicate that this is mediated primarily by climatic effects on belowground resources.

c. Interactive effects of nutrients & vegetation: Soil/vegetation feedback Low nutrient environment Low RGR, high C:N, low biomass turnover Low productivity Slow mineralization Slow decomposition Chapin 1980

3. Organisms a. Vegetation composition determines growth potential – both across and within biomes

b. Organisms x Climate interactions: Direct effects of climate on growth: short-term temporal variation Effects on species composition: spatial variation (which determines growth potential) (takes time to adjust to climate) 6.5

4. Time: Disturbance and succession are major causes of variation in NPP within a biome 6.

V. Net ecosystem production (NEP) NEP = GPP – R ecosyst R ecosyst = R plant + R het NEP = NPP – R het NECB = GPP – R E +/- F lat NECB = dC/dt (Chapin et al. 2006) = (  Plant +  Het +  SOM)/  t +/- F lat See Box 6.1 NEP and NECB (NBP at large scales) is most relevant to long- term sequestration of CO 2 from atmosphere The problem of definition vs. measurement

F lat in: migration sediments dissolved C 6.8 F lat out: dist., mig., leaching, sed., volatile emissions, CH 4 NEP is the difference between GPP and R ecosyst NEP = ~NECB if lateral transfers are small

NEP is the balance between two large fluxes: GPP and ecosystem respiration 6.9

A. Measuring NEP

Net ecosystem exchange NEE = net atmospheric CO 2 flux Chapin et al. 2006

Measuring NEE - chambers

Measuring NEE – Eddy covariance towers (eddy flux)

B. Controls on NEP, NEE, NECB 1. Represents net carbon storage in ecosystem (imbalance between C uptake and C loss) 2. Strong dependence on disturbance –Negative when disturbance frequent (fire, tillage) –Positive during recovery from disturbance (succession) Schlesinger 2001

Valentini 3. Biome differences in NEE reflect large net carbon loss by respiration at high latitudes 6.10

Why is NEP positive (NEE negative) in most ecosystems? Maybe all ecosystems accumulate C between disturbances Maybe bias in site selection –Researchers prefer productive sites? Maybe carbon loss by leaching is significant Maybe terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon –due to elevated CO 2 and N deposition

Summary 1.Controls on NPP are similar to those on GPP. 2.R plant consists of respiration for growth, maintenance, and ion uptake. 3.While variable temporally within ecosystems, across ecosystems NPP is ~50% of GPP. 4.NEP, NECB reflect net storage of C within an ecosystem. 5.Disturbance regime is the main controller of difference between NEP and NECB in natural systems. 6.Humans are influencing many factors (temp, nutrient avail, disturbance regimes) that could alter the balance of GPP and R ecosyst and thereby alter NEP and NECB.

Eddy flux – advantages